On the role of flame retardants in mechanical recycling of solid plastic waste

Hubo, Sara; Cardon, Ludwig; Ragaert, Kim

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2018.10.030

Cited by 87 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is extensively used worldwide and the production of these devices is increasing annually [1]. This results in a gradual increase in EEE waste (WEEE) generated after the end of life of these devices [1,2]. In 2016, 44.7 million metric tons of WEEE were produced worldwide and by 2021, it is expected that 52.2 million metric tons of WEEE will be created [1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Statistical Analysis on the Effect of Antioxidants on the Thermal-Oxidative Stability of Commercial Mass- and Emulsion-Polymerized ABS

et al. 2018

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In the present work, statistical analysis (16 processing conditions and 2 virgin unmodified samples) is performed to study the influence of antioxidants (AOs) during acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene terpolymer (ABS) melt-blending (220 °C) on the degradation of the polybutadiene (PB) rich phase, the oxidation onset temperature (OOT), the oxidation peak temperature (OP), and the yellowing index (YI). Predictive equations are constructed, with a focus on three commercial AOs (two primary: Irganox 1076 and 245; and one secondary: Irgafos 168) and two commercial ABS types (mass- and emulsion-polymerized). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) results indicate that the nitrile absorption peak at 2237 cm−1 is recommended as reference peak to identify chemical changes in the PB content. The melt processing of unmodified ABSs promotes a reduction in OOT and OP, and promotes an increase in the YI. ABS obtained by mass polymerization shows a higher thermal-oxidative stability. The addition of a primary AO increases the thermal-oxidative stability, whereas the secondary AO only increases OP. The addition of the two primary AOs has a synergetic effect resulting in higher OOT and OP values. Statistical analysis shows that OP data are influenced by all three AO types, but 0.2 m% of Irganox 1076 displays high potential in an industrial context.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Statistical Analysis on the Effect of Antioxidants on the Thermal-Oxidative Stability of Commercial Mass- and Emulsion-Polymerized ABS

et al. 2018

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“…Delva et al [43] found that a few studies examined the actual reprocessing of WEEP and focused on the influence of FRs. Analysis to detect the presence of BFRs in e-plastics (X-ray fluorescence spectrometry or near-infrared) and sorting techniques help in recycling "bromine-free" plastics; the recycling rate of flame-retarded plastics through sink float separation is up to 70%, while non-flame-retarded plastics have a recycling rate of 65% when separated by the electrostatic method [44].…”

Section: Bfrs In E-plasticsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ecotoxicity of Plastics from Informal Waste Electric and Electronic Treatment and Recycling

Butturi

Marinelli

Gamberini

et al. 2020

Toxics

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Plastic materials account for about 20% of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE). The recycling of this plastic fraction is a complex issue, heavily conditioned by the content of harmful additives, such as brominated flame retardants. Thus, the management and reprocessing of WEEE plastics pose environmental and human health concerns, mainly in developing countries, where informal recycling and disposal are practiced. The objective of this study was twofold. Firstly, it aimed to investigate some of the available options described in the literature for the re-use of WEEE plastic scraps in construction materials, a promising recycling route in the developing countries. Moreover, it presents an evaluation of the impact of these available end-of-life scenarios on the environment by means of the life cycle assessment (LCA) approach. In order to consider worker health and human and ecological risks, the LCA analysis focuses on ecotoxicity more than on climate change. The LCA evaluation confirmed that the plastic re-use in the construction sector has a lower toxicity impact on the environment and human health than common landfilling and incineration practices. It also shows that the unregulated handling and dismantling activities, as well as the re-use practices, contribute significantly to the impact of WEEE plastic treatments.

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“…6 A detailed review on FR for different polymers can be found elsewhere. [9][10][11] However, the recyclability of various plastics materials containing FRs has been demonstrated by laboratory tests, which also revealed that the type of FR determined largely the degree of deterioration of mechanical properties and flame resistance. Nevertheless, most of these tests were performed with virgin materials on a lab scale, while in reality, the separation of WEEE plastics represents a challenge with serious technical and commercial obstacles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To increase the use of recycled plastics in those applications, an upcycling with the addition of virgin FR to recycled polymers may be a suitable solution, provided that such blends have appropriate mechanical properties and thermal stability for the intended uses. 11 PC is an amorphous transparent polymer with the glass transition temperature (T g ) around 140-150 C, HDT around 132-138 C, and excellent mechanical properties (high impact strength, elastic modulus, toughness, and thermal resistance). 14 In order to improve PC impact toughness, which gradually deteriorates during aging, it can be prepared as a blend with styrenebutadiene-styrene, styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer (SAN), or ABS.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Accordingly, the aim of this study was to upcycle a polymer blend from industrial waste PC and ABS (r-PC/r-ABS) by adding FRs to obtain FR r-PC/r-ABS blends with thermal stability and mechanical properties suitable for electrical and electronic applications. The upcycling of PC/ABS blends from industrial waste with FR have not attracted much interest so far, 11 and few studies were focused on mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of PC/ABS from EEE waste. [32][33][34] Thus, our study represents a novel contribution to the upcycling of industrial waste r-PC and r-ABS to FR r-PC/r-ABS blends for electrical and electronic applications.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of phosphorous‐based flame retardants on the mechanical and thermal properties of recycled PC/ABS copolymer blends

Pogorelčnik

Pulko

Wilhelm

et al. 2019

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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The effects of three commercial aryl phosphate flame retardants (FRs; bisphenol A bis(diphenyl diphosphate) [BDP], triphenyl phosphate (TPP), and a proprietary oligomeric phosphate ester (OPE)) and a compatibilizer (methacrylate-butadiene-styrene copolymer [MBS]) on the thermal and mechanical properties of FR-recycled PC/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (r-PC/r-ABS) blends are investigated. The addition of FRs to r-PC/r-ABS blends increases the storage, tensile, and flexural moduli, indicating a reinforcing effect. However, at elevated temperatures, FRs reduce the glass transition temperature and act as plasticizers. The thermal stability of r-PC/r-ABS/FR blends at 10% mass loss increases in the following order: r-PC/r-ABS/TPP < r-PC/r-ABS/BDP < r-PC/r-ABS/OPE < r-PC/r-ABS/OPE/MBS. Kinetics of thermal decomposition of the FR r-PC/r-ABS blends is studied calculating the thermal decomposition activation energies by the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa method. Scanning electron microscopy shows that r-PC/r-ABS/OPE blend is only partly miscible, while homogeneous structure is formed in the r-PC/r-ABS/OPE/MBS blend, which is supported by its good mechanical and thermal properties.

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On the role of flame retardants in mechanical recycling of solid plastic waste

Cited by 87 publications

References 52 publications

A Statistical Analysis on the Effect of Antioxidants on the Thermal-Oxidative Stability of Commercial Mass- and Emulsion-Polymerized ABS

A Statistical Analysis on the Effect of Antioxidants on the Thermal-Oxidative Stability of Commercial Mass- and Emulsion-Polymerized ABS

Ecotoxicity of Plastics from Informal Waste Electric and Electronic Treatment and Recycling

Influence of phosphorous‐based flame retardants on the mechanical and thermal properties of recycled PC/ABS copolymer blends

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