On the Question of the Mutual Exclusiveness of Betalains and Anthocyanins

Kimler, Linda; Mears, James A.; Mabry, Tom J.; Rösler, Heinz

doi:10.2307/1218301

Cited by 38 publications

(13 citation statements)

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“…Further clades without BvMYBs are C5 (S10) containing the A. thaliana proteins AtMYB9, AtMYB107 with unknown functional assignment, C16 (S5) containing R2R3-MYB landmark anthocyanin regulators from monocots and C22 (S6) including the landmark R2R3-MYB factors PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT1 (AtPAP1), ANTHOCYANIN2 (PhAN2) and ROSEA1 (AmROSEA1), which are known to regulate anthocyanin biosynthesis in many species [44-47]. The lack of BvMYBs in the two latter clades fits to the observation, that plants of the genus Beta do not produce anthocyanin pigments [48]. The Caryophyllales is the single order in the plant kingdom that contains taxa that have replaced anthocyanins with chemically distinct but functionally identical red and yellow pigments - the indole-derived betalains, named from Beta vulgaris , from which betalains were first extracted [49].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide identification and characterisation of R2R3-MYB genes in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

et al. 2014

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BackgroundThe R2R3-MYB genes comprise one of the largest transcription factor gene families in plants, playing regulatory roles in plant-specific developmental processes, metabolite accumulation and defense responses. Although genome-wide analysis of this gene family has been carried out in some species, the R2R3-MYB genes in Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (sugar beet) as the first sequenced member of the order Caryophyllales, have not been analysed heretofore.ResultsWe present a comprehensive, genome-wide analysis of the MYB genes from Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris (sugar beet) which is the first species of the order Caryophyllales with a sequenced genome. A total of 70 R2R3-MYB genes as well as genes encoding three other classes of MYB proteins containing multiple MYB repeats were identified and characterised with respect to structure and chromosomal organisation. Also, organ specific expression patterns were determined from RNA-seq data. The R2R3-MYB genes were functionally categorised which led to the identification of a sugar beet-specific clade with an atypical amino acid composition in the R3 domain, putatively encoding betalain regulators. The functional classification was verified by experimental confirmation of the prediction that the R2R3-MYB gene Bv_iogq encodes a flavonol regulator.ConclusionsThis study provides the first step towards cloning and functional dissection of the role of MYB transcription factor genes in the nutritionally and evolutionarily interesting species B. vulgaris. In addition, it describes the flavonol regulator BvMYB12, being the first sugar beet R2R3-MYB with an experimentally proven function.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12870-014-0249-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genome-wide identification and characterisation of R2R3-MYB genes in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

et al. 2014

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“…The presence of betalains and anthocyanis is mutually exclusive in the angiosperms, i.e. betalains and anthocyanins have never been reported in the same plants (Mabry and Dreiding 1968;Kimler et al 1970;Lee and Collins 2001;Cai et al 2005;Grotewold 2006). Within this order, betalains are absent in a couple of families including the Caryophyllaceae, which comprises genera such as Lychnis and Dianthus (e.g., carnations, Dianthus caryophyllus), widely used as ornamentals and cut flowers for their colourful anthocyanin pigmentation.…”

Section: Occurrencementioning

confidence: 99%

Betalains in the era of global agri-food science, technology and nutritional health

et al. 2008

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Natural pigments from plants are of growing interest as substitutes for synthetic dyes in the food and pharmaceutical industry and they increase their added value if they possess positive effects on health. These pigments can be added as such if they are in the legal authorized lists of additives or can be added as phytochemical-enriched plant extract achieving the original product, which has received it, the new nomenclature of functional food. In this way, we comprise on this review a wide point of view of a group of natural pigments known as betalains. From a chemical point of view, betalains are ammonium conjugates of betalamic acid with cyclo-DOPA (betacyanins, violet) and aminoacids or amines (betaxanthins, orange or yellow), which are compounds present in our diet. Besides and taking into account that one type of betalain, betanin is approved as food colorant (E-162) by the European Union and that enlarges the specific weight of these compounds in the diet, we have evolved an overview from the biosynthesis, technology and promoting production, industrial uses as pigments up to physiological and nutritional biovailability or biological and health-promoting properties of betalains for accessible information to industrials, researchers and consumers.

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“…As far as is known, the two classes of pigments, anthocyanins and betalains, never occur together in the same plant or even separately in members of the same family (Kimler et al, 1970). As far as is known, the two classes of pigments, anthocyanins and betalains, never occur together in the same plant or even separately in members of the same family (Kimler et al, 1970).…”

Section: Respect To the Interpretations Of Cronquist (1968) And Takhtmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Bases of Angiosperm Phylogeny: Chemotaxonomy

Fairbrothers¹,

Mabry²,

Scogin³

et al. 1975

Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden

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On the Question of the Mutual Exclusiveness of Betalains and Anthocyanins

Cited by 38 publications

References 12 publications

Genome-wide identification and characterisation of R2R3-MYB genes in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

Genome-wide identification and characterisation of R2R3-MYB genes in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)

Betalains in the era of global agri-food science, technology and nutritional health

The Bases of Angiosperm Phylogeny: Chemotaxonomy

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