On the oxidation of stainless steel alloy 304 in subcritical and supercritical water

Rodriguez, David; Merwin, Augustus; Chidambaram, Dev

doi:10.1016/j.jnucmat.2014.05.049

Cited by 38 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…The feature associated with magnetite is in good agreement with other studies on Raman spectra of iron oxides. [19][20][21][22][23] Hematite features observed on these samples were also in agreement with numerous studies on iron oxides. 21,[24][25][26][27] The maghemite features observed on these samples are in agreement with literature with respect to position and shape.…”

Section: Exposure Study Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

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Corrosion Behavior of Structural Materials for Potential Use in Nitrate Salts Based Solar Thermal Power Plants

Summers

Chidambaram

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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Commercial and economic success of concentrated solar power (CSP) plants requires operating at maximum efficiency and capacity which necessitates the use of materials that are reliable at high temperatures. This study investigates the corrosion behavior of structural alloys in molten nitrate salts at three temperatures common to CSP plants. Corrosion behavior was evaluated using gravimetric and inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis. Surface oxide structure and chemistry was characterized using X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Electrochemical behavior of candidate structural alloys Alloy 4130, austenitic stainless steel 316, and super-austenitic Incoloy 800H was evaluated using potentiodynamic polarization characteristics. Gravimetric and ICP-OES analysis indicated that Alloy 4130 exhibited the least corrosion resistance at 500 • C compared to SS316 and 800H. However, at 300 • C, the three alloys exhibited similar weight gain. Electrochemical evaluation of these candidate materials was observed to correlate well with the corrosion behavior observed from gravimetric and ICP-OES analysis. This study identifies that all three alloys exhibited acceptable corrosion rate in 300 • C molten salt, while elevated salt temperatures require the more corrosion resistant alloys, stainless steel 316 and 800H. Characterization of the sample surfaces revealed the presence of spinels at lower temperatures, while Fe 2 O 3 was the dominant iron oxide at higher temperatures for each alloy. Like all power plants, maximizing the conversion efficiency of solar energy in a concentrated solar power (CSP) plant is essential to minimizing cost and resources while maximizing energy output. The choice of heat transfer fluid is a fundamental parameter in maximizing efficiency of an energy source. A heat transfer fluid that can also function as an energy storage medium for solar energy while being chemically compatible with the structural components of the plant is an ideal candidate for implementation.Significant research had been performed from 1982 to 1985 on the use of molten salt as a heat transfer medium in solar power applications. Sandia National Laboratory in New Mexico conducted the Molten Salt Electric Experiment (MSEE) which was the first power tower system to use molten nitrate salt as the primary working fluid to produce electricity. This experiment proved the feasibility of using molten salt as a heat transfer medium in a central receiver design along with a two-tank storage system designed to address intermittency. 1The MSEE used a molten nitrate salt composition of 40% KNO 3 and 60% NaNO 3 by weight which is the composition used for the study presented herein.Corrosion of structural components is determined by the properties of the heat transfer fluid and corrosion resistance of the components in contact with that heat transfer fluid. Depending on the corrosion resistance of the alloy to a high-temperature, oxidizing environment, the alloy will either form an adherent, compact oxid...

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Section: Exposure Study Resultssupporting

confidence: 91%

“…[20][21][22][25][26][27] The Raman spectra of the polished surface of the 800H sample exposed for 100 hours at 500…”

Section: Exposure Study Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Corrosion Behavior of Structural Materials for Potential Use in Nitrate Salts Based Solar Thermal Power Plants

Summers

Chidambaram

2017

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…The water molecules reached the inner surface of the external Ni 3 S 2 generally dissociated into oxygen and hydrogen. The oxygen in the form of O 2-diffused inward continuously and reacted with metal to produce metal oxides, which composited to chromium-rich spineltype phase [7,[43][44][45]. The sulfur diffusing inward through the inner layer to form sulfides, derived the dissociation of H 2 S molecules.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Sulfides on the Corrosion Behavior of Inconel 600 and Incoloy 825 in Supercritical Water

Wang

Tang

et al. 2015

Oxid Met

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Corrosion tests of Inconel 600 and Incoloy 825 were performed in supercritical water containing sulfides at 520°C and 25 MPa. The scales formed on Inconel 600 consisted of a thick outer layer of almost pure Ni 3 S 2 and an inner layer predominantly of Cr-rich spinels with a Ni 3 S 2 network inside. The scales of Incoloy 825 also had a multilayered structure. The outer layer primarily consisted of Ni 3 S 2 and (Ni,Fe) 3 S 4, followed by a thicker intermediate mixture layer of chromium-rich oxides, Ni 3 S 2, and (Ni,Fe) 3 S 4 , an inner layer of predominantly Cr 2 O 3 and a small amount of Ni 3 S 2 toward the substrate. Incoloy 825 showed slightly better corrosion resistance than Inconel 600 due to its higher Cr content. By means of superimposed isothermal phase diagrams and evaluation for the partial pressures of oxygen and sulfur in the designated atmosphere, the corresponding corrosion mechanisms were discussed, based on the present investigation.

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“…5, which indicates that the inner layer consisted primarily of chromiumrich spinels, while magnetite phases were main components of the outer layer. The absence of hematite phase can be explained by higher temperatures [7], lower oxygen content less than 2 ppm [22], and/or insufficient exposure times for second oxidation of the magnetite [6,11,23]. The occurrence of wustite (FeO) phases was not detected, even when the testing temperature was as high as 580 C. This phenomenon can be attributed to solid reaction between FeO and Cr 2 O 3 .…”

Section: Oxidation Kineticsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Early oxidation of Super304H stainless steel and its scales stability in supercritical water environments

Wang

Sun

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hydrogen Energy

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On the oxidation of stainless steel alloy 304 in subcritical and supercritical water

Cited by 38 publications

References 41 publications

Corrosion Behavior of Structural Materials for Potential Use in Nitrate Salts Based Solar Thermal Power Plants

Corrosion Behavior of Structural Materials for Potential Use in Nitrate Salts Based Solar Thermal Power Plants

Effects of Sulfides on the Corrosion Behavior of Inconel 600 and Incoloy 825 in Supercritical Water

Early oxidation of Super304H stainless steel and its scales stability in supercritical water environments

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