On the occurrence of Obelia medusa blooms and empirical evidence of unusual massive accumulations of Obelia and Amphisbetia hydroids on the Argentina shoreline

Seasonal and vertical distribution of medusae in Aysen region, southern Chile

“…Such blooms are mainly promoted by temperature and food availability fluctuations, factors that play a predominant role in the composition and abundance of zooplankton in the oceans (Parsons & Lalli, 2002;Kehayias, 2004). These blooms may cause a seasonal dominance of the zooplanktonic biomass by the gelatinous organisms in a given geographical area (Mianzán & Guerrero, 2000;Genzano et al, 2008;Miglietta et al, 2008).…”

Do Staurozoa bloom? A review of stauromedusan population biology

“…Answering this question is only possible when proper baseline information, such as long-term monitoring, is available (Genzano et al, 2008). Answering this question is only possible when proper baseline information, such as long-term monitoring, is available (Genzano et al, 2008).…”

“…''Normal (annual) blooms'' and absence of noxious species for humans do not draw attention (Benović & Lučić, 2001); therefore, most of the times they are not noticed or reported. Usually, ''blooms'' are observed when massive appearances of conspicuous, stinging jellyfish occur near coastal areas, significantly and visibly affecting human activities, like fisheries, tourism, and power production (Genzano et al, 2008). Hence, there is a focus on ''macromedusae'', mainly scyphozoans, which are individually large and cause negative impacts on various economic activities (Bayha & Graham, 2009;Richardson et al, 2009).…”

“…The study of ''blooms'' is often hampered by the need for appropriate methods of sampling and longterm monitoring (Genzano et al, 2008;Kogovšek et al, 2010). In addition, it is important to consider the different stages of the life cycle, such as benthic polyps, since they are crucial to understanding ''bloom'' dynamics (Purcell, 2007;Willcox et al, 2008;Bayha & Graham, 2009;).…”

“…In addition, it is important to consider the different stages of the life cycle, such as benthic polyps, since they are crucial to understanding ''bloom'' dynamics (Purcell, 2007;Willcox et al, 2008;Bayha & Graham, 2009;). Because ''blooms'' of Benović & Lučić (2001) ''Bloom'' as an abnormal event Graham et al (2001) Differences between ''apparent bloom'' and ''true bloom'' Mills (2001) ''Normal'' and ''abnormal blooms'' (''true bloom'') Nival & Gorsky (2001) Convenience concept of ''bloom'' Parsons & Lalli (2002) Differences between ''apparent bloom'' and ''true bloom'' Purcell et al (2007) ''Bloom'' related to reproduction, i.e., ''true bloom'' Boero et al (2008) ''Bloom'' (multispecific) is different from ''outbreak'' (monospecific); seasonal (''normal bloom'') or unexpected (''abnormal bloom'') Daryanabard & Dawson (2008) Differences between ''apparent bloom'' (aggregations) and ''true bloom'' Genzano et al (2008) ''Bloom'' as an abnormal event; discussion on the convenience concept of ''bloom'', and differences between ''apparent'' and ''true bloom'' Albert (2009) Swarm and aggregation (''apparent bloom'') Definition of mass occurrence, ''normal'' and ''abnormal blooms'' (''true blooms''), and swarm (''apparent bloom'') ''Normal'' and ''abnormal blooms'' (''true bloom'') and ''apparent bloom'' Definition of ''true bloom'' (''normal'' and ''abnormal''), ''apparent bloom'' (aggregations and swarms), mass occurrence, and accumulations Lilley et al (2009) ''Bloom'' synonym of large aggregations Purcell et al (2009) ''Bloom'' synonym of ''outbreak'' Licandro et al (2010) ''Bloom'' as a synonym of ''outbreak'', related to the density of organisms Purcell (2012) ''Bloom'' as unusually high abundance (i.e., ''abnormal bloom'') synonym of ''outbreak'' Brotz et al (2012) ''Bloom'' defined as increase in presence, numbers, or biomass large medusae primarily are responsible for the negative impacts reported (Uye, 2008;Richardson et al, 2009), a biased view in the characterization of ''blooms'' neglects some inconspicuous groups, as the hydromedusae ). Nevertheless, examples of hydromedusan ''blooms'' are in the literature (e.g., Purcell & Grover, 1990;Mianzan et al, 2000;Raskoff, 2001;Stefani et al, 2010;…”