ON THE OCCURRENCE OF AMYLOIDS IN PLANT SEEDS<sup>1</sup>

Kooiman, P.

doi:10.1111/j.1438-8677.1960.tb00651.x

Cited by 90 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Later in the 1960s, the botanical distribution of xyloglucans in seeds was reviewed by Kooiman (1960), who used the ability of xyloglucan to stain with iodine, giving a distinctive blue color, as a form of detection.…”

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The Control of Storage Xyloglucan Mobilization in Cotyledons of Hymenaea courbaril

et al. 2004

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Hymenaea courbaril is a leguminous tree species from the neotropical rain forests. Its cotyledons are largely enriched with a storage cell wall polysaccharide (xyloglucan). Studies of cell wall storage polymers have been focused mostly on the mechanisms of their disassembly, whereas the control of their mobilization and the relationship between their metabolism and seedling development is not well understood. Here, we show that xyloglucan mobilization is strictly controlled by the development of first leaves of the seedling, with the start of its degradation occurring after the beginning of eophyll (first leaves) expansion. During the period of storage mobilization, an increase in the levels of xyloglucan hydrolases, starch, and free sugars were observed in the cotyledons. Xyloglucan mobilization was inhibited by shoot excision, darkness, and by treatment with the auxin-transport inhibitor N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid. Analyses of endogenous indole-3-acetic acid in the cotyledons revealed that its increase in concentration is followed by the rise in xyloglucan hydrolase activities, indicating that auxin is directly related to xyloglucan mobilization. Cotyledons detached during xyloglucan mobilization and treated with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid showed a similar mobilization rate as in attached cotyledons. This hormonal control is probably essential for the ecophysiological performance of this species in their natural environment since it is the main factor responsible for promoting synchronism between shoot growth and reserve degradation. This is likely to increase the efficiency of carbon reserves utilization by the growing seedling in the understorey light conditions of the rain forest.

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The Control of Storage Xyloglucan Mobilization in Cotyledons of Hymenaea courbaril

et al. 2004

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“…Quantitatively predominant (19) in the wall of dicots, they are also present in the wall of monocots but to a lesser extent (3). After the report of the presence of"amyloids" in several plant seeds (15), the description of the xyloglucan from Tamarindus indica was followed by the isolation of other xyloglucans from seeds at various origins (10,24,25). These hemicelluloses can be extracted with hot water or with alkaline solutions, generally 2.5 N NaOH or 4 N KOH.…”

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Structure of the Primary Cell Walls of Suspension-Cultured Rosa glauca Cells

Joseleau¹,

Chambat²

1984

Plant Physiol.

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Xyloglucans, characteristic hemicellulosic polysaccharides of plant primary walls, have been isolated from Rosa glauca suspension-cultured cells. The cell wall material was fractionated by two sequences of extraction based on solubilization of the hemicelluloses in alkaline and organic solvent systems, respectively. In both cases, only a part (about 50%) of the total xyloglucan could be extracted, the rest remaining tightly associated with cellulose and necessitating the use of acid to be solubilized. Purification of xyloglucans was effected by formation of a gel in appropriate mixtures of dimethyl sulfoxide and water. Further fractionation could be achieved on a cellulose column eluted with chaotropic solvents. This demonstrated the heterogeneity of xyloglucans in the primary cell walls. Analytical data show that all fractions are constituted with the same sugars: L-arabinose, L-fucose, D-galactose, D-xylose, and D-glucose, but their relative proportions differ, particularly the ratio of glucose to xylose which varies from 1.2 to 2 within the different xyloglucans. The structure of these hemicelluloses was established by methylation analysis and shown to consist of a (1 -I 4)-linked glucan backbone which carries substituents on the 0-6 of glucose. Here again, the multiple forms of xyloglucans was suggested by the various patterns of substitutions found on the different fractions. The configuration of the linkages were established by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and shown to be , for the glucan backbone, a for the xylosyl and fucosyl substituents, and A for the plactosyl substituents. These configurations agree with the specific rotation of the xyloglucan.

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“…Indeed, based on the broad distribution of xyloglucans in vascular plants, it has been suggested that the evolution of xyloglucan as a cellulose binding polysaccharide may have conferred a particular advantage in the colonization of drier habitats Fry, 2003, 2004). In addition to performing structural roles, xyloglucans are also found as the principal seed-storage polysaccharides in a number of land plants (Kooiman, 1960;Rao and Srivastava, 1973;Edwards et al, 1985;Wang et al, 1996;Buckeridge et al, 2000;Ren et al, 2004).…”

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Structural Evidence for the Evolution of Xyloglucanase Activity from Xyloglucan Endo-Transglycosylases: Biological Implications for Cell Wall Metabolism

et al. 2007

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High-resolution, three-dimensional structures of the archetypal glycoside hydrolase family 16 (GH16) endo-xyloglucanases Tm-NXG1 and Tm-NXG2 from nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus) have been solved by x-ray crystallography. Key structural features that modulate the relative rates of substrate hydrolysis to transglycosylation in the GH16 xyloglucan-active enzymes were identified by structure–function studies of the recombinantly expressed enzymes in comparison with data for the strict xyloglucan endo-transglycosylase Ptt-XET16-34 from hybrid aspen (Populus tremula × Populus tremuloides). Production of the loop deletion variant Tm-NXG1-ΔYNIIG yielded an enzyme that was structurally similar to Ptt-XET16-34 and had a greatly increased transglycosylation:hydrolysis ratio. Comprehensive bioinformatic analyses of XTH gene products, together with detailed kinetic data, strongly suggest that xyloglucanase activity has evolved as a gain of function in an ancestral GH16 XET to meet specific biological requirements during seed germination, fruit ripening, and rapid wall expansion.

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ON THE OCCURRENCE OF AMYLOIDS IN PLANT SEEDS¹

Abstract: 1) This work is part of a doctor's thesis (Delft, 1959).

Cited by 90 publications

References 8 publications

The Control of Storage Xyloglucan Mobilization in Cotyledons of Hymenaea courbaril

The Control of Storage Xyloglucan Mobilization in Cotyledons of Hymenaea courbaril

Structure of the Primary Cell Walls of Suspension-Cultured Rosa glauca Cells

Structural Evidence for the Evolution of Xyloglucanase Activity from Xyloglucan Endo-Transglycosylases: Biological Implications for Cell Wall Metabolism

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ON THE OCCURRENCE OF AMYLOIDS IN PLANT SEEDS1

Abstract: 1) This work is part of a doctor's thesis (Delft, 1959).

Cited by 90 publications

References 8 publications

The Control of Storage Xyloglucan Mobilization in Cotyledons of Hymenaea courbaril

The Control of Storage Xyloglucan Mobilization in Cotyledons of Hymenaea courbaril

Structure of the Primary Cell Walls of Suspension-Cultured Rosa glauca Cells

Structural Evidence for the Evolution of Xyloglucanase Activity from Xyloglucan Endo-Transglycosylases: Biological Implications for Cell Wall Metabolism

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ON THE OCCURRENCE OF AMYLOIDS IN PLANT SEEDS¹