On the Measurement of Product Quality in Intra-Industry Trade

Azhar, Abdul K. M.; Elliott, Robert J.R.

doi:10.1007/s10290-006-0077-5

Cited by 51 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…As Azhar and Elliott (2006) put it, for = 15%, a unit-value ratio of 0.86 will appear as using Fontagné and Freudenberg's method, but as using Greenaway et al's method.…”

Section: Horizontal and Viit Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Studying the last two subsamples is intended to identify the determinants of the two types of IIT in tourism. In order to distinguish between the vertical and the horizontal components, we use the method suggested by Azhar and Elliott (2006), discussed in section III. As the unit value of tourism exports, we select the cost of an overnight stay, net of differences in the cost of living 22 .…”

Section: Independent Variable and Sample Choicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…-This article is also the first contribution in tourism literature to test separately the determinants of vertical and horizontal trade. In order to disentangle the two types of differentiated goods in total IIT, we implement the method introduced by Azhar and Elliott (2006). This method adds mathematical rigour to the commonly used measures 5 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intra-tourism trade, income distribution and tourism endowment: an econometric investigation

2015

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Empirical investigation (Nowak et al., 2012) points out that vertical intraindustry trade (VIIT) in Europe is the dominant type of intra-industry trade (IIT) in the tourism sector. This article is the first in tourism literature to test separately the determinants of vertically and horizontally differentiated services, using the most recent models in the theory of IIT. We examine bilateral trade among all trading partners of the sample of European countries, covering the period 2000 to 2008. We show that differences in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita and the incomedistribution overlap, as well as cultural proximity, are the most significant driving forces behind VIIT for European countries. Geographic distance has a negative effect, whereas specific tourism endowments and relative size of the economies are less conclusive. These results confirm theory predictions and most of the empirical findings related to the pattern of VIIT for the manufacturing sector. As expected, we find that determinants of VIIT cannot explain horizontal intra-industry trade (HIIT) in tourism. We suggest two alternative methods of estimation: Generalized Least Squares (GLS) logistic function and the fractional logit estimator. We conclude that there are common factors explaining IIT in the manufacturing and tourism trades.

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“…As Azhar and Elliott (2006) put it, for = 15%, a unit-value ratio of 0.86 will appear as using Fontagné and Freudenberg's method, but as using Greenaway et al's method.…”

Section: Horizontal and Viit Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Independent Variable and Sample Choicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Intra-tourism trade, income distribution and tourism endowment: an econometric investigation

2015

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“…To our knowledge, our paper is one of the first applications of Azhar and Elliott's (2006) method. For an application by these authors, see Azhar et al (2008).…”

Section: Endnotesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intra-Tourism Trade in Europe

2012

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The purpose of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of the empirics of trade in tourism services by studying bilateral intratourism trade for a sample of 14 member states of the European Union during the period 2000-2004. The authors apply the most up-to-date and robust method available in the literature to distinguish vertically and horizontally differentiated products: the Azhar and Elliott method (2006). The results clearly show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, a large proportion of European countries simultaneously exports and imports comparable amounts of tourism services. Moreover, the predominance of vertical differentiation in these intra-tourism flows suggests that international specialization is taking place in Europe within the tourism sector itself, along the spectrum of quality.

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“…Some researchers made correction for univariate nonnormality and tried to approximate univariate normality by transforming the variables prior to estimation of their models [29,5] . Deakin [9] used log transformation, then square root and log-normal transformation of financial ratios were used by Ooghe [13] and Gu [14] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the Predictability of Risk Box Approach by Genetic Programming Method for Bankruptcy Prediction

Bahiraie¹,

Ibrahim²,

Azhar³

2009

American J. of Applied Sciences

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Problem statement: Theoretical based data representation is an important tool for model selection and interpretations in bankruptcy analysis since the numerical representation are much less transparent. Some methodological problems concerning financial ratios such as non-proportionality, non-asymetricity, non-scalicity are solved in this study and we presented a complementary technique for empirical analysis of financial ratios and bankruptcy risk. Approach: This study presented new geometric technique for empirical analysis of bankruptcy risk using financial ratios. Within this framework, we proposed the use of a new ratio representation which named Risk Box measure (RB). We demonstrated the application of this geometric approach for variable representation, data visualization and financial ratios at different stages of corporate bankruptcy prediction models based on financial balance sheet ratios. These stages were the selection of variables (predictors), accuracy of each estimation model and the representation of each model for transformed and common ratios. Results: We provided evidence of extent to which changes in values of this index were associated with changes in each axis values and how this may alter our economic interpretation of changes in the patterns and direction of risk components. Results of Genetic Programming (GP) models were compared as different classification models and results showed the classifiers outperform by modified ratios. Conclusion/Recommendations: In this study, a new dimension to risk measurement and data representation with the advent of the Share Risk method (SR) was proposed. Genetic programming method is substantially superior to the traditional methods such as MDA or Logistic method. It was strongly suggested the use of SR methodology for ratio analysis, which provided a conceptual and complimentary methodological solution to many problems associated with the use of ratios. Respectively, GP will provide heuristic non linear regression as a tool in providing forecasting regression for studies associated with financial data. Genetic programming as one of the modern classification method out performs by the use of modified ratios. Our new method would be a general methodological guideline associated with financial data analysis.

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On the Measurement of Product Quality in Intra-Industry Trade

Abstract: Globalization, vertical and horizontal intra-industry trade, product quality,

Cited by 51 publications

References 17 publications

Intra-tourism trade, income distribution and tourism endowment: an econometric investigation

Intra-tourism trade, income distribution and tourism endowment: an econometric investigation

Intra-Tourism Trade in Europe

On the Predictability of Risk Box Approach by Genetic Programming Method for Bankruptcy Prediction

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