Intra-Tourism Trade in Europe

Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to contribute to our understanding of the empirics of trade in tourism services by studying bilateral intratourism trade for a sample of 14 member states of the European Union during the period 2000-2004. The authors apply the most up-to-date and robust method available in the literature to distinguish vertically and horizontally differentiated products: the Azhar and Elliott method (2006). The results clearly show that, contrary to conventional wisdom, a large proportion of European countries simultaneously exports and imports comparable amounts of tourism services. Moreover, the predominance of vertical differentiation in these intra-tourism flows suggests that international specialization is taking place in Europe within the tourism sector itself, along the spectrum of quality.

Measuring the Effect of Revealed Cultural Preferences on Tourism Exports

“…This study investigates the bilateral international tourism flows of 12 OECD countries (Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Nowak et al (2013), the value of international trade flows can differ largely between the national accounts of the two countries. Export data are generally more reliable than imports.…”

Tourism Invisible Part of Exports: The Analysis of Slovenia and Montenegro on the Chinese Outbound Tourism

“…Also, the fact that 'trade in vertically differentiated tourism products strongly dominates intra-tourism trade' [26] which means that tourism product quality plays a significant role in intra-European tourism trade was revealed, and that is confirmed by another study finding that there was no 'substantially different patterns between Northern and Southern European countries' [26].…”

“…By studying bilateral intra-tourism trade for a sample of 14 member states of the European Union during the period 2000-2004, Nowak et al [26] stated that in contrary to the common view, there was not one-way tourism flows from countries specialized in primary goods, industrial goods and non-tourism services to countries highly specialized in tourism, but there was a high proportion of two-way tourism trade flows with the additional observation that intra-industry trade in tourism services seems to be much higher than in goods trade. Also, the fact that 'trade in vertically differentiated tourism products strongly dominates intra-tourism trade' [26] which means that tourism product quality plays a significant role in intra-European tourism trade was revealed, and that is confirmed by another study finding that there was no 'substantially different patterns between Northern and Southern European countries' [26].…”

Economic Vulnerabilities and Livelihoods: Impact of COVID‐19 in Fiji and Vanuatu

“…The United Nation's 2030 Agenda notes tourism to be a major sector to deliver decent work and economic growth (SDG 8); as well as SDGs 1, 9, 10, 12, 14, and 15 (see United Nations 2015). The earlier view of tourism as a luxury good with high income elasticity from the demand side of income and wealth resulted in the diversification of tourism services and host markets (Nowak et al 2013). The literature on the importance of the tourism sector has been noted in the SIDS (Apergis and Payne 2012; Caneen and Haynes 2000; Durbury 2004; Narayan et al 2012; Seetanah 2011; Sica 2005), as well as in the developed economies (Antonakakis et al 2015).…”