On the Evolution of Host Selection in Solitary Parasitoids

Charnov, Eric L.; Stephens, David W.

doi:10.1086/284883

Cited by 102 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…and Clark, 1988 In the appendix, I show how evolution will the inside outward towards the constraint boundary). The appendix also shows that the equilibrium under the genetical equations (V .iA = 0) is the same for the mean phenotypes (Z1) as is obtained by the "standard optimization of fitness in the face of tradeoffs" approach as typically applied by evolutionary ecologists (Charnov and Stephens, 1988). As independently shown by B. Charlesworth (unpublished manuscript) for the arbitrary N-dimensional case the structure of the covariance matrix and selection differentials as imposed by the tradeoffs will in equilibrium (V = 0) be the same as the solution to the corresponding optimization problem; the two methods for finding the equilibrium phenotypes will give identical answers.…”

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confidence: 88%

“…A reasonable guess, not necessarily complete, is the sorts of tradeoffs and/or constraints commonly studied by evolutionary ecologists (discussed in Charnov and Stephens, 1988;and Mange! and Clark, 1988 In the appendix, I show how evolution will the inside outward towards the constraint boundary).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…They differ mainly in that the covariance matrix is simply a linear representation of the true tradeoff relations. Since most thought by evolutionary ecologists related to tradeoffs results in non-linear tradeoffs or constraints (e.g., Charnov, 1986), I have elsewhere suggested (Charnov and Stephens, 1988) that the tradeoffs themselves are the fundamental objects of evolutionary interest, at least with respect to stabilizing or equilibrium selection. The covariance representation of tradeoffs or constraints simply discards too much which is of basic interest (see also Bell and Koufopanou, 1986, p. 123).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Phenotypic evolution under Fisher's Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection

Charnov

1989

Heredity

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confidence: 88%

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confidence: 99%

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Phenotypic evolution under Fisher's Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection

Charnov

1989

Heredity

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“…However, less is known on the evolutionary history of semiochemicals use in the context of host location by insect parasitoids. Theoretical models on the evolution of host selection have been developed but these models focused on the spatial distribution on host resources and do not take into account the exploitation of semiochemicals when parasitoids search for hosts (Charnov and Stephens, 1988). Phylogenetic approaches have been useful to investigate several evolutionary questions including historical pattern of host shifts (Cook et al, 2002) and host range specialization (Stireman, 2005) but the evolution of semiochemical use has never been considered in these studies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Semiochemical Exploitation of Host-Associated Cues by Seven Melittobia Parasitoid Species: Behavioral and Phylogenetic Implications

et al. 2018

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Chemical compounds (infochemicals or semiochemicals) play an important role both in intra-specific and inter-specific communication. For example, chemical cues appear to play a key role in the host selection process adopted by insect parasitoids. In recent years significant advances have been made in order to understand the chemical ecology of insect parasitoids. However, little information is available about the evolution of semiochemical use in the host location process of insect parasitoids. Here we investigated the strategy adopted by seven closely related parasitoid species in the genus Melittobia when foraging for four different suitable hosts. By using an integrated approach that combined olfactometer bioassays and phylogenetic investigations, we found that: (1) exploitation of host-derived semiochemicals is widespread in the Melittobia genus; (2) there is specificity of attraction toward the different host species tested; in particular, the early-branching species in the Melittobia genus are attracted to odors associated with leaf cutting bees (Megachile rotundata) whereas the most-diverged species are attracted to odors associated with solitary mud dauber wasps (Trypoxyilon politum). Regardless of the phylogenetic relationships, no Melittobia species exhibited attraction toward odors of factitious laboratory hosts (i.e., the flesh fly Sarcophaga bullata). Interestingly, five Melittobia species are also attracted by odors associated with honeybees hosts which indicate that these parasitoids could be potential pests of honeybees. Our study shed light on the host location within the Melittobia genus and represents a first attempt to understand semiochemical use in an evolutionary perspective in the context of parasitoids' foraging behavior.

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“…We do not deal here with concurrent host-feeding and oviposition on the same host, a phenomenon which occurs for some species (Rivero and West 2005). Hymenopteran parasitoids have thus become the model of choice for studies of behavior relating to this trade-off (Price 1973, Charnov and Stephens 1988, Godfray 1994, Rivero and Casas 1999a, Jervis et al 2008). Many parasitoids have food sources away from the host as well (e.g., nectar, pollen, and the like), but we will not deal any further with these cases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stochasticity and controllability of nutrient sources in foraging: host‐feeding and egg resorption in parasitoids

Richard

Casas

2009

Ecological Monographs

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Abstract. The trade-off between current and future reproduction has led many organisms experiencing stochastic reproductive opportunities to be flexible in their resource acquisition and allocation rules. Many parasitoid wasps display flexibility in choosing to host-feed or oviposit on a host and possess an ovarian system enabling nutrient reallocation through egg resorption.The aim of this work is to assess the complementary adaptive values of host-feeding and egg resorption as functions of host density in a synovigenic (maturing eggs throughout its adult life) parasitoid, Eupelmus vuilleti (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), for which there is a uniquely large base of relevant knowledge. We developed a series of models of increasing complexity, starting from a simple analytical model without egg resorption and moving on to data-rich stochastic dynamic programming models (SDP), without and with resorption.The analytical model enabled the characterization of two, long-and short-term, foraging strategies which determine host usage. Oviposition is favored at low host densities (leading to the short-term strategy), while host-feeding is favored at high host densities (leading to the long-term strategy). The change of strategy occurs abruptly at intermediate host densities. The SPD models not only confirmed these predictions, but also identified smaller regions of decisions driven by day/night cycles and approaching death and predicted major shifts in daily activity patterns according to the chosen strategy. The fitness gain due to resorption is highest at intermediate host densities, where females adopt the riskier but more profitable long-term strategy. Such a result contrasts with the generally held view, which assumes highest gains at the lowest host densities. A counterintuitive result is the higher prevalence of host-feeding associated with the ability to resorb eggs.Considering egg resorption as a last-resort strategy is underestimating its adaptive value, which is best understood with reference to other sources of nutrients. Its deterministic and controllable nature acts as insurance to forage and oviposit at low host densities, despite irregular food availability and potential death through starvation. Thus timing, not so much overall energy gain, matters in egg resorption. The approach can be extended to other situations, and we highlight an unexpected analogy of our results with the hoarding behavior of vertebrates.

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On the Evolution of Host Selection in Solitary Parasitoids

Cited by 102 publications

References 36 publications

Phenotypic evolution under Fisher's Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection

Phenotypic evolution under Fisher's Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection

Semiochemical Exploitation of Host-Associated Cues by Seven Melittobia Parasitoid Species: Behavioral and Phylogenetic Implications

Stochasticity and controllability of nutrient sources in foraging: host‐feeding and egg resorption in parasitoids

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