On the Deposition and Dissolution of Zinc in Alkaline Solutions

Bockris, J. O'm.; Nagy, Z.; Damjanović, A.

doi:10.1149/1.2404188

Cited by 219 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(65 reference statements)

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“…The kinetics and mechanism of active Zn electrodissolution have been studied by several groups (424,427,(468)(469)(470). The pasted Zn electrode exhibits only a small overpotential, even during high-current discharge.…”

Section: Zinc Electrodissolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Secondary Alkaline Zinc Electrode

McLarnon

Cairns

1991

J. Electrochem. Soc.

450

328

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Zinc is the most commonly used battery electrode, and zinc primary batteries have found numerous applications. The zinc electrode is electrochemically reversible in alkaline electrolytes, and there is a strong incentive to develop a practical secondary battery based on this metal. However, secondary batteries that use zinc electrodes typically exhibit short lifetimes, because of problems with zinc material redistribution and undesirable zinc morphologies that form during recharge. There has been a worldwide effort to develop a long-lived secondary alkaline zinc electrode, and marked improvements in cell lifetimes have resulted. This article reviews these efforts, paying particular attention to research and development during the period 1975-1990.

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Section: Zinc Electrodissolutionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Secondary Alkaline Zinc Electrode

McLarnon

Cairns

1991

J. Electrochem. Soc.

450

328

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“…It is generally accepted that the anodic zinc dissolution forms zincate ions as follows Zn + 4 OH-~-Zn(OH)~-+ 2e [2] Often the reaction orders of zincate and hydroxide ions obtained from the anodic portion of a polarization curve are different from those obtained from the cathodic portion. The reaction order of hydroxide varies from 1.0 to 3.6, and that of zincate ions changes from 0.65 to 0.9, and the exchange current density varies from 0.5 to 400 mA/cm 2 (13)(14)(15)(16). For engineering purposes, it may be reasonable to use the Butler-Volmer equation as the overall kinetic expression.…”

Section: Chemistry and Electrochemistrymentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Modeling of a Primary Zinc/Air Battery

Mao

White

1992

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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The mathematical model developed by Sunu and Bennion has been extended to include the separator, precipitation of both solid ZnO and K2Zn(OH)4, and the air electrode, and has been used to investigate the behavior of a primary Zn-Alr battery with respect to battery design features. Predictions obtained from the model indicate that anode material utilization is predominantly limited by depletion of the concentration of hydroxide ions. The effect of electrode thickness on anode material utilization is insignificant, whereas material loading per unit volume has a great effect on anode material utilization; a higher loading lowers both the anode material utilization and delivered capacity. Use of a thick separator will increase the anode material utilization, but may reduce the cell voltage.Zinc is used widely as an anode in many alkaline batteries, such as Zn]Ni and Zn/Air. Optimum designs of these batteries depend on understanding the zinc chemistry and electrochemistry in alkaline solution and the mass-transport processes in the battery during charge and discharge. While the former has been extensively investigated experimentally, only a few mass-transport models have been presented. Choi, Bennion, and Newman (1) presented a mathematical model of a secondary Zn/AgO battery for analysis of the material redistribution in the battery during charge and discharge. Their model includes convective flow caused primarily by osmosis and electro-osmosis forces. It was found that the convective flow is primarily responsible for the nonuniform zinc distribution on the electrode plate. The validity of their conclusions was verified partially by their experiments that showed virtually no zinc redistribution when the convective flow was minimized (2). Sunu and Bennion (3) developed a comprehensive model of a porous zinc electrode to investigate the electrode phenomena in the direction perpendicular to the projected electrode surface. In their model, the masstransport equations were developed based on concentrated ternary electrolyte theory. Three electrode failure mechanisms (namely, depletion of hydroxide ions, pore plugging by zinc oxide, and surface passivation) were identified by analyzing the model simulations. The validity of their model was verified by good agreement between their model predictions and experimental data of porosity and zinc oxide distributions (4). Their model was used later by Isaacson et al. (5) and Miller et al. (6) to investigate zinc movement in both the vertical and parallel directions to the electrode surface. Good agreement was obtained by Isaacson et al. (5) between their model predictions and experimental chronopotentiometric data.It should be noted that all previous mathematical models were used to study secondary batteries and that the model verification was conducted using a half cell or a ZnNiOOH cell. Previous modeling efforts were focused on the zinc electrode; and, consequently, the concentration distributions in the separator were neglected. Although the findings from such resea...

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“…However, the formation of mossy or dendritic metal structures during charging can cause the electrode to change shape [70] and lead to an internal short-circuit [71], killing the cell. With its low surface diffusion characteristics and fast deposition kinetics [72], Zn is specifically vulnerable to electrode shape change. Achieving homogeneous Zn deposition is essential to the development of a secondary ZAB.…”

Section: Challenges Progress and Opportunitiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Model-Based Design Tools for Metal-Air Batteries

2018

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Abstract:The advent of large-scale renewable energy generation and electric mobility is driving a growing need for new electrochemical energy storage systems. Metal-air batteries, particularly zinc-air, are a promising technology that could help address this need. While experimental research is essential, it can also be expensive and time consuming. The utilization of well-developed theory-based models can improve researchers' understanding of complex electrochemical systems, guide development, and more efficiently utilize experimental resources. In this paper, we review the current state of metal-air batteries and the modeling methods that can be implemented to advance their development. Microscopic and macroscopic modeling methods are discussed with a focus on continuum modeling derived from non-equilibrium thermodynamics. An applied example of zinc-air battery engineering is presented.

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On the Deposition and Dissolution of Zinc in Alkaline Solutions

Cited by 219 publications

References 41 publications

The Secondary Alkaline Zinc Electrode

The Secondary Alkaline Zinc Electrode

Mathematical Modeling of a Primary Zinc/Air Battery

A Review of Model-Based Design Tools for Metal-Air Batteries

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