On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules

Planck’s Quantum Energy Equation

“…A few years later, Bohr (1913) postulated that electrons in an atom can only populate well-defined orbits at discrete energies W n . When the electron jumps from one orbit of energy W n to another one at W n+1 , it does so emitting radiation at a frequency ν, so that (Bohr, 1913) …”

“…Heisenberg (1925), Born and Jordan (1925), and Born et al (1926) introduced the quantum mechanics in matrix form. Heisenberg (1925), Born and Jordan (1925), and Born et al (1926) introduced the quantum mechanics in matrix form.…”

Bohr-Sommerfeld-Heisenberg quantization of the mathematical pendulum

“…Bohr's quantization of the harmonic oscillator [1] and Sommerfeld's study of the relativistic hydrogen atom [19] were early successes of quantum theory. Their approach has been applied successfully to other completely integrable systems.…”

Particle model from quantum foundations

“…According to this proposal, which subscribes to the third line of thought listed above, the collapse phenomenon and that of the "quantum jump" induced in a quantum microsystem by an interaction are basically identical. The notion of quantum jumps between the discrete levels of a quantized system was introduced by Bohr in his famous work on the hydrogen atom [12], but this concept is usually understood in its more extensive sense of discontinuity in the evolution of the quantum state. In the rest of this work we shall confine our attention to elementary particles.…”