On the chlorination of seawater

Din, A.M. Shams El; Arain, Rasheed A.; Hammoud, Alaa

doi:10.1016/s0011-9164(00)00051-5

Cited by 29 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…Similarly, the effect of Zn on aquatic organisms has been reviewed in the literature [22][23][24], and it is recommended as a positive reference in toxicity tests. Chlorine is used heavily in the Arabian Gulf in industrial cooling systems, and there is a significant interest in assessing its impact on coastal organisms [25][26][27].…”

Section: Selection Of Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabian killifish (Aphanius dispar) embryos: A model organism for the risk assessment of the Arabian Gulf coastal waters

Saeed

Al-Naema

Butler

et al. 2015

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Fish embryos are excellent models for studies aimed at understanding toxic mechanisms and indications of possible acute and chronic effects. For the past 3 yr, an Arabian killifish (Aphanius dispar) fish embryo test has been developed in the authors' laboratory as a routine ecotoxicological test that can be used to support risk assessment of potential contaminants in Arabian Gulf coastal waters. Tests were conducted with 3 reference toxicants (3,4-dichloroaniline [DCA], sodium dodecyl sulfate, and zinc sulfate [Zn]) and chlorine, a disinfectant used widely in industrial cooling systems around the Arabian Gulf region. The 50% effect concentration (EC50) for DCA was 0.47 mg/L and 1.89 mg/L for embryos exposed before 6 hpf and after 168 hpf, respectively. Sublethal effects were mainly observed at concentrations above 2.5 mg/L, the effects included severe pericardial edema and tail shortage. The sodium dodecyl sulfate ionic surfactant caused mortality at both early and late stages of embryo development; it caused coagulation, severe deformity, and hemolysis. Both the EC50 and the 50% lethal concentration (LC50) for sodium dodecyl sulfate were 9.37 mg/L. Salinity influenced the toxicity of Zn to killifish embryos: at 40 psu Zn was found not to be toxic, whereas at 20 psu toxicity had increased significantly (p < 0.05). Values of EC50 and LC50 were 2.5 mg/L and 4 mg/L, respectively. Concentrations above 15 mg/L in embryos were often accompanied by upper abdominal edema and inhibition of growth, especially evident in the tail. Chlorine caused mortality at a lower concentration; for example, at 0.05 mg/L 33% of embryos were found dead at the end of the experiment. The LC50 for chlorine was determined to be 0.08 mg/L. Examination of the existing literature showed similar results to the present study's findings. The results suggest a more comparable sensitivity of killifish embryos to that of other fish embryo test recommended species. The present study's findings support the ability of killifish to be an indicator organism for environmental risk assessments of Arabian Gulf waters. Benefits include sensitivity to a wide range of substances and conditions, animal alternative, ease of fish breeding, and clarity of the embryos.

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Section: Selection Of Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arabian killifish (Aphanius dispar) embryos: A model organism for the risk assessment of the Arabian Gulf coastal waters

Saeed

Al-Naema

Butler

et al. 2015

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…The chemistry of chlorine disinfection of seawater is complex [1][2][3]. In seawater, chlorine produces a mixture of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypochlorite ion (OCl − ).…”

Section: Chlorinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Development of a Site-Specific Kinetic Model for Chlorine Decay and the Formation of Chlorination By-Products in Seawater

Saeed

Prakash²,

Deb

et al. 2015

JMSE

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Chlorine is used commonly to prevent biofouling in cooling water systems. The addition of chlorine poses environmental risks in natural systems due to its tendency to form chlorination by-products (CBPs) when exposed to naturally-occurring organic matter (NOM). Some of these CBPs can pose toxic risks to aquatic and benthic species in the receiving waters. It is, therefore, important to study the fate of residual chlorine and CBPs to fully understand the potential impacts of chlorination to the environment. The goal of this study was to develop improved predictions of how chlorine and CBP concentrations in seawater vary with time, chlorine dose and temperature. In the present study, chlorination of once-through cooling water at Ras Laffan Industrial City (RLIC), Qatar, was studied by collecting unchlorinated seawater from the RLIC cooling water system intake, treating it with chlorine and measuring time series of chlorine and CBP concentrations. Multiple-rate exponential curves were used to represent fast and slow chlorine decay and CBP formation, and site-specific chlorine kinetic relationships were developed. Through extensive analysis

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“…In the case of evaporation processes, 10-20% concentration of 200-500 μg/L of the FRC level has been reported [16]. After discharge, FRC level is reduced by 90%, at which point 20-25 μg/L is the expected concentration [45]. The process of evaporative discharge points to 30-100 μg/L as representing matches [46].…”

Section: Biocidesmentioning

confidence: 98%

Understanding the role of ecological indicator use in assessing the effects of desalination plants

Chang¹

2015

Desalination

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On the chlorination of seawater

Cited by 29 publications

References 0 publications

Arabian killifish (Aphanius dispar) embryos: A model organism for the risk assessment of the Arabian Gulf coastal waters

Arabian killifish (Aphanius dispar) embryos: A model organism for the risk assessment of the Arabian Gulf coastal waters

Development of a Site-Specific Kinetic Model for Chlorine Decay and the Formation of Chlorination By-Products in Seawater

Understanding the role of ecological indicator use in assessing the effects of desalination plants

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