Development of a Site-Specific Kinetic Model for Chlorine Decay and the Formation of Chlorination By-Products in Seawater

Saeed, Suhur; Prakash, Shwet; Deb, Nandita; Campbell, Ross; Kolluru, Venkat S.; Febbo, Eric; Dupont, Jennifer

doi:10.3390/jmse3030772

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…The rate of reaction with DOM is slower than the reaction with bromide and increases with increasing DOM concentrations (Wang et al 2008). Similar findings were obtained by Saeed et al (2015).…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

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Short‐Term Guideline Values for Chlorine in Marine Waters

Batley

Simpson

2020

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Chlorination is commonly used to control biofouling organisms, but chlorine rapidly hydrolyzes in seawater to hypochlorite, which undergoes further reaction with bromide, and then with organic matter. These reaction products, collectively termed chlorine‐produced oxidants (CPOs), can be toxic to marine biota. Because the lifetime of the most toxic forms is limited to several days, appropriate guideline values need to be based on short‐term (acute) toxicity tests, rather than chronic tests. Flow‐through toxicity tests that provide continuous CPO exposure are the most appropriate, whereas static‐renewal tests generate variable exposure and effects depending on the renewal rate. There are literature data for acute CPO toxicity from flow‐through tests, together with values from 2 sensitive 15‐min static tests on 30 species from 9 taxonomic groups. These values were used in a species sensitivity distribution (SSD) to derive guideline values that were protective of 99, 95, and 90% of species at 2.2, 7.2, and 13 µg CPO/L respectively. These are the first marine guideline values for chlorine to be derived using SSDs, with all other international guideline values based on the use of assessment factors applied to data for the most sensitive species. In applying these conservative guideline values in field situations, it would need to be demonstrated that concentrations of CPOs would be reduced to below the guideline value within an acceptable mixing zone through both dilution and dissociation. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:754–764. © 2020 SETAC

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Using CPO decomposition data and models from the literature (Wang et al 2008; Saeed et al 2015), a CPO concentration of 100 µg/L is predicted to decay to 50 µg/L within 2 h (~50%), and to 25 µg/L within 24 h (~75%) in a 5 to 15 °C receiving seawater environment. The CPO decomposition is slower at salinities lower than 35‰.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short‐Term Guideline Values for Chlorine in Marine Waters

Batley

Simpson

2020

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Similar trend was observed by Aravelo (2007) where results of his study showed that the rate of chlorine decay was found to be highly affected by the pipe material and the decay was faster in Steel pipe and slower in the synthetic pipes. Saeed et al (2015) carried out laboratory experiments to measure the changes in concentrations of residual chlorine with time under a variety of conditions. The study indicated tha the prominent factors that affect chlorine decay included initial chlorine dosage, temperature, pH and the amount of natural organic matter (NOM).…”

Section: Results and Discussion Scenariomentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of pipe material on the wall reaction coefficients and its application in the rehabilitation of water supply system of San Pedro Nexapa, State of Mexico

et al. 2022

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One of the major challenges faced by water companies around the world is the high level of chlorine losses in distribution networks. This paper presents an experimental study to examine chlorine loss in different types of pipe materials and select the ones with low chlorine demand for the rehabilitation of the water distribution network of San Pedro Nexapa, State of Mexico. The materials investigated include: polyvinyl chloride (PVC), galvanized steel (GS), polypropylene (PP) and highdensity polyethylene (HDPE). A 24-h chlorine consumption study was performed in a simulated water distribution network to assess the impact of wall reaction coefficient on chlorine decay. Four sets of independent pipe loops of 50 mm in diameter and 12 m in length were used. Two different scenarios were considered based on different initial chlorine concentration (1.21 mg/L and 1.60 mg/L). Samples were collected at each loop in two hour intervals and physicochemical analyses were conducted. Results from the experimental distribution network showed that the wall coefficient values for GS, HDPE, PP and PVC were 0.165 h−1, 0.059 h−1, 0.043 h−1 and 0.026 h−1, respectively. Experimental results showed that wall reaction coefficient values depend on initial chlorine concentration and the characteristics of pipe material. The rate of free chlorine decay was found to be faster in Steel pipe and slower in the plastic pipes. Based on its lowest chlorine demand compared to the other pipes, PVC pipe would be selected to rehabilitate Nexapa water distribution network, State of Mexico. The wall coefficients from the experimental study were incorporated into EPANET through four simulation runs to predict chorine decay of San Pedro Nexapa water distribution network, State of Mexico. In the PVC and PP pipes higher residual chlorine concentrations were observed that ranged from 0.30 to 0.90 mg/L and 0.50 to 0.95 mg/L, respectively. This study is important for utilities to operate their system effectively and protect public health.

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“…Several investigators have reported the ecological fate of chlorine in water are understood, and it not remain in the environmental system for a long time (Truhlar et al 2006;Zheng et al, 2015;Cotton et al, 1999). Researchers have indicated that chlorine photolysis is naturally present in seawater through fate and transport of aerosols (Knipping and Dabdub, 2003;Saeed et al, 2015;Amy et al, 2017). When the chlorine gas reacts with water, it is immediately changed into different forms such as hypochlorous acid, chloride ion, and hypochlorite; however, hypochlorite is formed when pH falls below 4 (Farr et al, 2003).…”

Section: Chlorine Fate and Transport Into The Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chlorine and Chlorinated Compounds Removal from Industrial Wastewater Discharges: A Review

Al-Hwaiti

Aziz

Ahmad

et al. 2021

CMUJNS

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Adsorption techniques for industrial wastewater treatment rich in heavy metals and aqueous solutions of water-soluble such as Cl−, F−, HCO3−, NO3−, SO2−4, and PO3−, often include technologies for toxicity removals. The recent advancement and technical applicability in the treatment of chlorine and chlorinated compounds from industrial wastewater are reviewed in this article. Chlorine and chlorinated compounds are among the common discharged constituents from numerous industries. They can be carcinogenic or naturally toxic and can pose issues to aquatic ecosystems and human beings. Thus, elimination of chlorides and chlorinated compounds from water or wastewater is inevitable to get rid of the problem. Several techniques are being applied for the reduction of chlorine and chlorinated compounds in water. These include biodegradation, photochemical, adsorption, chemical, electrochemical, photo-electrochemical, membrane, supercritical extraction and catalytic method. Chlorine can react with various organic and inorganic micro-pollutants. However, the potential reactivity of chlorine for specific compounds is small, and only minor variations in the structure of the parent compound are anticipated in the water treatment process under typical conditions. This paper reviews different techniques and aspects related to chlorine removal, the types of chlorine species in solution and their catalyst, chlorine fate and transport into the environment, electrochemical techniques for de-chlorination of water, kinetics, mechanisms of reduction of chlorinated compounds, and kinetics of the electrochemical reaction of chlorine compounds. Keywords: Industrial waste, Kinetics, Wastewater, Water purification

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Development of a Site-Specific Kinetic Model for Chlorine Decay and the Formation of Chlorination By-Products in Seawater

Cited by 11 publications

References 18 publications

Short‐Term Guideline Values for Chlorine in Marine Waters

Short‐Term Guideline Values for Chlorine in Marine Waters

Impact of pipe material on the wall reaction coefficients and its application in the rehabilitation of water supply system of San Pedro Nexapa, State of Mexico

Chlorine and Chlorinated Compounds Removal from Industrial Wastewater Discharges: A Review

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