On the Arrow of Time

Abstract

The arrow of time is one of the most difficult questions in modern physics. In this paper, a damping vibration equation is discussed, which shows that this equation reflects the arrow of time. We have further discussed that the concept of "the arrow of time" in this equation is quite different from the thermodynamic arrow.

Electrical Noise, Brownian Motion and the Arrow of Time

“…Observed on the screen of an oscilloscope Johnson noise looks continuous as time passes and independent of the sense time flows. We would say that this random waveform would not show an arrow of time, thus being similar to the undamped oscillation of [13] concerning this point. Nevertheless, the Cause → Effect dynamics of this noise at microscopic level indicates that the law of causality plays a key role.…”

“…Arrived at this point, let us consider these sentences about vacuum in [13]: "In fact, the 'vacuum' is generally recognized as a kind of quantum field, or quantum 'media' in modern physics. From experiments, the 'vacuum fluctuations' has been discovered.…”

“…The time-asymmetry viewed as an arrow of time associated to dissipation [13] appears once this cause suffers a time-related process due to C. We refer to its integration in time by the capacitance C that is an unintentional but unavoidable process in our physical world where two conductors at some spatial separation d show a capacitance C. This integration has an important effect because it converts electromagnetic energy (the fluctuation of the electric field) into electrical energy located in C, a form of energy bearing a measurable voltage difference between the terminals of the resistor. This energy conversion strongly recalls dissipation, where electrical en-ergy stored in C is converted by R into heat that leaves the resistor towards its surrounding universe.…”

“…To keep electrical energy without losses in a 2TD requires keeping sinusoidal voltage and current oscillating in-quadrature. When this exact 90˚ phase difference between voltage and current is lost, dissipation or some in-phase current appears together with the arrow of time linked with the damping oscillations considered in [13].…”

“…Thus the quotation we would add to this sentence: "the arrow of time" should also exist in the microscopic world" [13] would be to say that in electrical noise the arrow of time appears at microscopic level once each fluctuation of electromagnetic energy in vacuum suffers a time-related process by which it becomes located in some volume of the space by a quantizing element like C. This is a process that changes the electromagnetic form of the energy into a located form like electrical energy in C and once the energy has been located in space, we would start to observe its dissipation, its related arrow of time and even its gravitational field considering its mass. Let us end this Section by recalling that measuring needs a time flow because in a null elapsed time no energy/mass can be exchanged with the 2TD under test.…”