On-street toilets for sanitation access in urban public spaces: A systematic review

Moreira, Fernanda Deister; Rezende, Sonaly; Passos, Fabiana

doi:10.1016/j.jup.2021.101186

Cited by 26 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 64 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Water and sanitation are human rights 35 that are essential to living a dignified life. Construction of publicly accessible, safe toilets is a commonsense approach to reducing enteric pathogen hazards in cities 9 , though the primary reason to continue to invest in public sanitation facilities is to support the physical, mental, and social well-being of people -much of which is difficult or impossible to measure in practice -and because it is the right and humane thing to do. Moreover, sanitation is a biological necessity that is needed wherever people live.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public toilets have reduced enteric pathogen hazards in San Francisco

Barker

Capone

Amato

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Uncontained fecal wastes in cities may present exposure risks to the public. We collected discarded feces from public spaces in San Francisco for analysis by RT-qPCR for a range of enteric pathogens. Out of 59 samples, we found 12 (20%) were of human origin and 47 (80%) were non-human; 30 of 59 stools were positive for ≥1 of the 35 pathogens assessed, including pathogenicE. coli,Shigella, norovirus,Cryptosporidium, andTrichuris. Using quantitative enteric pathogen estimates and data on observed fecal waste from a public reporting system, we modeled pathogens removed from the environment attributable to a recently implemented program of public toilet construction. We estimated that each new public toilet reduced the annual number of enteric pathogens released into the immediate environment (within 500 m walking distance), including 6.3 x 1012enteropathogenicE. coli(95% CI: 4.0 x 1012- 7.9 x 1012), 3.2 x 1011enteroaggregativeE. coli(95% CI: 1.3 x 1011- 6.3 x 1011), and 3.2 x 108Shigella(6.3 x 107- 2.5 x 109). Improving access to public sanitation can reduce enteric pathogen hazards in cities. Interventions must also consider the hygienic disposal of animal waste to reduce microbial hazards with zoonotic infection potential.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Public toilets have reduced enteric pathogen hazards in San Francisco

Barker

Capone

Amato

et al. 2023

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Recent research in India and Nepal reframes this in terms of a broader issue of TGD rights to “safe and dignified sanitation” (Boyce et al, 2018, p. 112), including other spaces where water is shared as shower blocks. There is growing sanitation and public health literature establishing the many harms associated with denying TGD people safe access to bathrooms in particular, which include risks of violence, harassment, humiliation, mental health impacts (e.g., anxiety), physical health impacts (e.g., infections) and suicide attempts (Benjamin & Hueso, 2017; Biswas, 2019; Moreira et al, 2021; Patkar, 2016; Sclar et al, 2018; Seelman, 2016). Following this reframing, we can identify the growing need to expand gender‐based water and sanitation development efforts in ways that explicitly address and include the needs of TGD people (Mukherjee et al, 2020, 2021; Shrestha et al, 2023).…”

Section: Considerations Of Transgender Non‐binary Gender Diverse and ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender identities, water insecurity, and risk: Re‐theorizing the connections for a gender‐inclusive toolkit for water insecurity research

Brewis,

DuBois,

Wutich

et al. 2023

WIREs Water

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Informed by decades of literature, water interventions increasingly deploy “gender‐sensitive” or even “gender transformative” approaches that seek to redress the disproportionate harms women face from water insecurity. These efforts recognize the role of gendered social norms and unequal power relations but often focus narrowly on the differences and dynamics between cisgender (cis) men and women. This approach renders less visible the ways that living with water insecurity can differentially affect all individuals through the dynamics of gender, sexuality, and linked intersecting identities. Here, we first share a conceptual toolkit that explains gender as fluid, negotiated, and diverse beyond the cis‐binary. Using this as a starting point, we then review what is known and can be theorized from current literature, identifying limited observations from water‐insecure communities to identify examples of contexts where gendered mechanisms (such as social norms) differentiate experiences of water insecurity, such as elevating risks of social stigma, physical harm, or psychological distress. We then apply this approach to consider expanded ways to include transgender, non‐binary, and gender and sexual diversity to deepen, nuance and expand key thematics and approaches for water insecurity research. Reconceptualizing gender in these ways widens theoretical possibilities, changes how we collect data, and imagines new possibilities for effective and just water interventions.This article is categorized under: Human Water > Value of Water Engineering Water > Water, Health, and Sanitation Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented Human Water > Methods

show abstract

“…Banheiros públicos são equipamentos urbanos essenciais que contribuem para que a população tenha conforto em circular em espaços públicos e usufrua do seu direito ao saneamento em esferas da vida além do domicílio (HELLER, 2019;MOREIRA, REZENDE, PASSOS, 2021). Um relatório recente da ONU (A / HRC / 42/47), com foco em acesso à água e ao esgotamento sanitário em espaços públicos, traz a interface do direito de acesso a banheiros públicos em relação às populações que possuem esse direito negligenciado (mulheres e meninas, trabalhadores de rua, cidadãos em situação de rua, idosos, pessoas com deficiência e pessoas transgêneros) (HELLER, 2019).…”

Section: Introductionunclassified