On Native Ground: Transnationalism, Frederick Douglass, and “The Heroic Slave”

Abstract

Beginning with a reconsideration of the symbolic ending of “The Heroic Slave,” where Madison Washington and his compatriots find themselves in the Bahamas and not the United States, this article works through Frederick Douglass's understanding of national affiliation. Taking two specific problems in his imagination–the rhetoric of democracy and transnationalism–I reassess the concept of national affiliation for African Americans when political citizenship is denied. Through its protagonist, Washington, who is thoroughly versed in the vocabulary of United States nationalism, “The Heroic Slave” discloses the incongruence between the rhetoric of nationalism and its materialization as a failure of democratic enactment. The text also intimates Douglass's increasing recognition of transnationalism as an affective system of imagined belonging based on either a shared belief (in democracy) or racial contingency. By deterritorializing cultural belonging, “The Heroic Slave” depicts the liminal position of African Americans, suspended between the nation-state and the black diaspora. (IGW)

Enforcement on a Grand Scale: Fugitive Intelligence and the Literary Tactics of Douglass and Melville

“…The Creole revolt, therefore, played a central role in Douglass's thinking on the question of slave resistance and, specifically, on the role of armed insurrection in the struggle for the full abolishment of slavery (see also Stepto 1984;Yarborough 1990;and Wilson 2006). Before he had written The Heroic Slave, for instance, Douglass had referred to Washington in a minimum of six speeches, most of them given in the mid-to late 1840s (see Sale 1997, 241n9).…”

“…7 On the Amistad case and Benito Cereno, see Karcher 1992. 8 On the topic of transnationalism in The Heroic Slave, see earlier essays by Ivy Wilson (2006) and Paul Giles (2001).…”