On measuring inconsistency in definite and indefinite databases with denial constraints

Semantic inconsistency measures using 3-valued logics

“…A key aspect of understanding inconsistency is the ability to measure it. Application areas being investigated for inconsistency measures include software engineering [56,36], network intrusion detection [38], ontology systems [47,55], knowledgebase systems [37,44,42], databases [16,4,5,43,35,34], temporal information [25], spatio-temporal information [12,23], probabilistic information [13,46], finance [18], process specifications [11], and answer set programming [39,53].…”

ERIS: Efficiently Measuring Discord in Multidimensional Sources

“…Typically, consistency is used to measure to which degree a dataset is free of contradictions [26], which is done most of the time by simply counting differences in the sources [19], or maybe something more elaborate like using the Shapley value to weight primary key violations as in [31], or based on the number of necessary repairs like [7]. A more complete overview and classification of these kinds of metrics can be found in [38]. Nevertheless, we contend that better measures than counting exist for many scenarios in the case of coincidence of numerical attributes, whose distance can be precisely quantified.…”