On‐line CE/ESI/MS interfacing: Recent developments and applications in proteomics

Abstract

After shining as the ultimate separation - sequencing technique used for the successful completion of the Human Genome Project, in the early 2000s CE experienced lowered popularity among separation scientists. The renewed interest in recent years relates to the separation needs, especially in proteomics, metabolomics, and glycomics, where CE complements liquid chromatography techniques. This interest is further boosted by the regulators requiring additional separation techniques for characterization of newly developed pharmaceuticals. This paper gives a short overview of recent developments in the on-line interfacing of CE separation techniques with electrospray ionization/mass spectrometric analysis. Both the instrumentation and selected CE/ESI/MS applications including analyses of peptides, proteins, and glycans are discussed with the stress on research published in the past 3 years. Techniques related to the proteomic and glycomic analyses such as sample preconcentration, on-line protein digestion, and analyte derivatization prior CE/ESI/MS analysis are also included.

Recent developments and applications of capillary and microchip electrophoresis in proteomic and peptidomic analyses

“…The use of CE–MS, as an alternative technique to LC–MS, has increased substantially in the recent years . Significant progress has been achieved in the development of novel more effective interfaces for hyphenating CE to MS . CE methods are highly efficient and versatile separation techniques operating in several separation modes such as CZE, CITP, ACE, CEC, MEKC, and CIEF .…”

Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2011–2013)

“…Due to its both universality and selectivity, high sensitivity and rich information content, MS represents the most powerful detection system for CE, CEC, and other separation techniques. MS has undergone and is still undergoing a period of strong developments of the method itself as well as in its hyphenation with CE, CEC, and LC methods in general [173,[192][193][194][195][196][197][198] and in analysis of peptides and proteins especially [9,[199][200][201][202][203][204][205][206][207][208][209]. Importance of MS as analytical and structure elucidation method has significantly increased in the last years due to its key role in the proteomics-and peptidomics-associated analysis of complex peptide and protein mixtures.…”

Capillary zone electrophoresis for analysis of complex proteomes using an electrokinetically pumped sheath flow nanospray interface

“…Electrospray ionization requires electrical contact to the distal end of the capillary to complete the electrical circuit driving electrophoresis and to support electrospray. Several interface designs have been reported [13][14][15][16][17][18]. Early electrospray interfaces were similar to those employed for LC.…”