On‐Line Preconcentration and Analysis of Zinc in Water by Flow Injection‐Knotted Reactor: Application to Geological and Environmental Exploration

Abstract

A preconcentration on-line system composed of flow injection (FI) and a knotted reactor (KR), associated with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) has been used to determine Zn concentrations in river water. The zinc was retained as Zn-2(5-bromo-2-pyridilazo)5-diethylaminofenol precipitated complex on the knotted reactor (KR). The limit of detection (0.09 mg L 21 of Zn) of this method makes it particularly suitable for hydrochemical exploration in geological and environmental projects. This application has been validated in the volcanogenic gold (copper, zinc, lead) deposit of La Carolina in the province of San Luis, Argentina. The Carolina Stream and the Grande River have been sampled for water downstream this deposit. The regional background in river water is 2 mg L 21 . Six times this concentration has been observed at more than 6.5 km from the source, La Carolina mine.

Recent advances in flow injection analysis

“…Much attention is devoted to optimization of SPE preconcentration methods for particular elements or group of elements. For instance, in the FIA-ICP-AES system, the effective preconcentration of zinc was reported for Zn complex precipitated on the walls of the knotted reactor, 331 while in another design of the FIA manifold, three cartridges packed with different sorbents were employed for trace metal fractionation, which was investigated for Mg, Al, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb, simultaneously. 332 The preconcentration of large group of trace elements, including rare earth elements from environmental samples, was reported in the SIA-ICP-AES system with on-line SPE using chitosan resin functionalized with 2-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid.…”

On-line preconcentration of zinc on ethyl vinyl acetate prior to its determination by CVG-ICP-OES

“…Sample flow reagent (mL min − 1 ) 6,00 (0) 3,00 (0) 112.31 10 6,00 (0) 3,00 (0) 105.47 11 6,00 (0) 3,00 (0) 100.00 12 6,00 (0) 3,00 (0) 99.23 13 6,00 (0) 3,00 (0) 95.13…”

“…In this sense, preconcentration strategies are effective means of extending the LODs. Several solid phase extraction (SPE) methods for zinc preconcentration have been reported in the literature, they utilize modified solid materials such as: alumina [7], mesoporous silica [8], PVC [9], magnetic nanoparticles [10], silica gel [11,12], Amberlite XAD-4 [13], zeolite [14,15], chelate resin [16,17], microcrystalline triphenylmethane [18], and multiwalled carbon nanotubes [19]. A comparison between the results obtained in this work and some recent literature articles regarding the use of SPE for preconcentration/ determination of Zn in water samples is presented in Table 1.…”

Atomic Spectrometry Update. Advances in atomic spectrometry and related techniques

“…Salonia et al 32 developed a flow-injection knotted reactor (KR)-ICP-AES system to determine Zn in river water. The Zn was retained as Zn-2(5-bromo-2-pyridilazo)5-diethylaminofenol precipitated complex on the KR.…”

“…Three parameters provided the major contributions to the standard uncertainty of d 34 S V-CDT , namely the measured 34 S: 32 S in the sample, the measured 34 S: 32 S for the working standard and the known d 34 S V-CDT value of the working standard. Craddock et al 267 have developed a robust method for the measurement of 34 S: 32 S ratios for both PN-and LA-ICPMS, using matrix-matched standards and standard-sample bracketing to correct for mass-bias. Doherty et al 268 have developed a polynomial mass-bias correction for Pb, Sm and Ni isotope ratios using Tl, Eu and Cu as internal standards, respectively.…”