On-going generation of multiple forms of HIV-1 intersubtype recombinants in the Yunnan Province of China

Yang, Rongge; Xia, Xin; Kusagawa, Shigeru; Zhang, Chiyu; Ben, Kunlong; Takebe, Yutaka

doi:10.1097/00002030-200207050-00012

Cited by 129 publications

(143 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Conversely, the HIV-1 strains circulating in the China-Myanmar border region showed a rapidly increased genetic diversity [3,5,6,33]. Pure HIV-1 subtypes, including B, C and CRF01_AE, were rarely detected among IDUs in this region; this increase in genetic diversity was accompanied by the rapidly increased prevalence of HIV-1 inter-subtype recombinants (greater than 87.3%) [3,4].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A large number of injecting drug users (IDUs) are active in this region and are associated with the cross-border transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) [1]. In the 1980s, the Thailand-original subtype B (Thai-B or B’), circulating recombinant form (CRF) 01_AE, and the India-original subtype C were introduced into this region, which led to the co-circulation of several HIV subtypes and to the ongoing generation of numerous recombinant HIV-1 strains [2–6]. Fourteen new CRFs have been identified in this region, including the two strains circulating nationwide in China, CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC [7–12].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HIV-1 cross-border transmission in the China-Myanmar border region was closely associated with drug trafficking routes, and had evolved from single-direction dissemination (Myanmar-to-China) to bidirectional cross-border dissemination between Myanmar and China [1,15]. HIV Recombinant forms (RFs), including unique recombinant forms (URFs) and CRFs, were predominant in the China-Myanmar border region [2–6]. In particular, the proportions of RF_BC (82.4% vs. 48.1%) and RF_01BC (3.3% vs. 36.7%) among IDUs were markedly different between the Yunnan and Myanmar sides, respectively [3–5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Burmese injecting drug users in Yunnan play a pivotal role in the cross-border transmission of HIV-1 in the China-Myanmar border region

Chen

Wang

et al. 2018

Virulence

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Injecting drug users (IDUs) are the major risk group for HIV-1 infection in the China-Myanmar border area. There are a large number of Burmese IDUs living in Yunnan (Yunnan-mIDUs) who might be associated with the cross-border transmission of HIV-1. From 2010 to 2013, 617 Yunnan-mIDUs were recruited from three counties of Yunnan, 19.0% of whom were detected to be HIV-1 positive by serological testing. Partial HIV-1 p17, pol, vif-env, and env genes were amplified from the positive samples and were sequenced. Phylogenetic and HIV-1 subtyping analyses revealed that HIV-1 recombinant forms (RFs), including RF_BC (36.4%), RF_01BC (26.1%), RF_01C (9.1%) and RF_01B (1.1%), were predominant among this cohort. Of the identified HIV-1 strains, 14.8%, 9.1% and 3.4% belonged to subtype C, CRF01_AE and subtype B, respectively. Transmission cluster analysis showed that sequences from the Yunnan-mIDUs formed transmission clusters not only with those from Burmese IDUs but also with those from Chinese IDUs, indicating that Yunnan-mIDUs might acquire HIV-1 infection from or spread HIV-1 to both Burmese and Chinese IDUs. Phylogeographic analyses revealed three cross-border transmission patterns associated with Yunnan-mIDUs, in which Yunnan-mIDUs served as the crucial nodes linking the Burmese and Chinese IDUs. These results suggest that Yunnan-mIDUs are a potential viral reservoir for the diffusion of HIV-1 in Yunnan and play a pivotal role in the bidirectional cross-border transmission of HIV-1 in the China-Myanmar border region. More intervention efforts that focus on Yunnan-mIDUs are recommended in Yunnan’s campaign against HIV/AIDS.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Burmese injecting drug users in Yunnan play a pivotal role in the cross-border transmission of HIV-1 in the China-Myanmar border region

Chen

Wang

et al. 2018

Virulence

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“…Then from 1989 a number of infections arose in Chinese intravenous drug users from the Yunnan Province [4][5][6][7] and it appears this may be the point of common origin of the present day HIV epidemic in China. Thus the 2 decades of HIV prevalence in China was divided into three phases [8,9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Around 1989, 146 HIV positive injecting drug users were identified in southwest of the Yunnan Province [4,[6][7][8]12]. During this period the large majority of all HIV cases identified in China were from this region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snapshot of HIV pathogenesis in China

et al. 2005

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Several reviews have focused on the nature of HIV infection and its spread in various geographical regions of China. In contrast, this review provides a comprehensive update on the prevalence of multiple HIV-1 subtypes, consequent emergence of recombinant and novel forms of HIV-1 in China, and the implications this may have on HIV diversity and the development of effective vaccines. In addition it also examines the dissemination of primary drug resistance in therapy naïve patients, as well as co-infections with two other important viruses-hepatitis B and C. The main purpose of this review is to provide a current snapshot of HIV-1 pathogenesis in China and possibly shed some light on the future of HIV evolution, and potential challenges for future vaccine and anti-retroviral therapeutics against HIV strains in this area.

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Quasispecies analysis of novel HIV‐1 recombinants of subtypes A and G reveals no similarity to the mosaic structure of CRF02_AG

Powell

Konings

Nanfack³

et al. 2007

Journal of Medical Virology

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HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF) 02_AG is responsible for greater than 65% of HIV-1 infections in Cameroon and is widespread across West and West-Central Africa. The parental subtypes A1 and G cocirculate in this part of Africa, and high rates of infection predispose to the generation of AG unique recombinant forms (URFs). Little is known as to whether A1 and G can recombine and thrive in vivo with breakpoints other than those characteristic of CRF02_AG. In this study, six unique recombinant viruses of subtypes A1 and G were identified in two individuals in Cameroon. A 1.5 kb fragment of the reverse transcriptase (RT) region of pol (HXB2 location 2,612-4,159) and the entire env gene (HXB2 location 6,202-9,096) were evaluated by phylogenetic and breakpoint analyses. Each URF was found to have breakpoints different than CRF02_AG, indicating that A and G gene segments are functionally compatible with more than one pattern of recombination. Furthermore, contemporaneous, cultured viruses from these individuals were analyzed, revealing different proportions of URFs compared to those found in plasma, possibly indicating compart mentalization and/or phenotypic variation among the URFs. CRF02_AG emerged from West-Central Africa to become a highly successful viral strain. As such, monitoring the spread of newly emerging AG recombinants is critical not only for understanding the epidemiology of HIV-1, but also in the design of future therapeutics and vaccines appropriate to this part of Africa, and globally.

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On-going generation of multiple forms of HIV-1 intersubtype recombinants in the Yunnan Province of China

Cited by 129 publications

References 23 publications

Burmese injecting drug users in Yunnan play a pivotal role in the cross-border transmission of HIV-1 in the China-Myanmar border region

Burmese injecting drug users in Yunnan play a pivotal role in the cross-border transmission of HIV-1 in the China-Myanmar border region

Snapshot of HIV pathogenesis in China

Quasispecies analysis of novel HIV‐1 recombinants of subtypes A and G reveals no similarity to the mosaic structure of CRF02_AG

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