On-chip Fourier-transform spectrometers and machine learning: a new route to smart photonic sensors

Herrero-Bermello, Alaine; Li, Jiangfeng; Khazaei, Mohammad Reza; Grinberg, Yuri; Velasco, Aitor V.; Vachon, Martin; Cheben, Pavel; Stanković, Lina; Xu, D.‐X.; Schmid, Jens H.; Alonso‐Ramos, Carlos

doi:10.1364/ol.44.005840

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…10c . To further increase the spectral performance of SH-FTS at a given channel count, advanced post-processing algorithms can be explored such as compressive sensing 84 and machine learning 85 .…”

Section: Technological Analysis Of Integrated Spectrometersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in cost-effective integrated spectrometers

et al. 2022

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The proliferation of Internet-of-Things has promoted a wide variety of emerging applications that require compact, lightweight, and low-cost optical spectrometers. While substantial progresses have been made in the miniaturization of spectrometers, most of them are with a major focus on the technical side but tend to feature a lower technology readiness level for manufacturability. More importantly, in spite of the advancement in miniaturized spectrometers, their performance and the metrics of real-life applications have seldomly been connected but are highly important. This review paper shows the market trend for chip-scale spectrometers and analyzes the key metrics that are required to adopt miniaturized spectrometers in real-life applications. Recent progress addressing the challenges of miniaturization of spectrometers is summarized, paying a special attention to the CMOS-compatible fabrication platform that shows a clear pathway to massive production. Insights for ways forward are also presented.

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Section: Technological Analysis Of Integrated Spectrometersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Advances in cost-effective integrated spectrometers

et al. 2022

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“…They also demonstrated differentiation of four different input spectra over an uncontrolled temperature range of 10 °C, with ≈100 times the operational range, using state‐of‐the‐art support vector machines and artificial neural networks, with a success rate of 82.5%. [ 101 ]…”

Section: On‐chip Ftssmentioning

confidence: 99%

Research Progress on On‐Chip Fourier Transform Spectrometer

Zhang

Chen

et al. 2021

Laser & Photonics Reviews

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A Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) is recognized as a highly precise analytical instrument for analyzing the constituent elements of matter in the fields of physics, chemistry, aerospace, and so on. With the emergence and development of miniaturized and portable devices in numerous scientific and technological fields, there has been an urgent need for on-chip FTSs due to their benefits of small size, portability, low energy consumption, and robustness. However, the small size of on-chip FTSs hinders the acquisition of a large optical path difference, resulting in a low resolution of the spectrometer. In addition, the sampler spacing is not sufficiently small to satisfy Nyquist's sampling theorem, directly influencing the bandwidth of the spectrometer. Therefore, studies have been performed to investigate the trade-off between the reduced size and performance of spectrometers. This paper aims to systematically review the progress in on-chip FTSs, especially in on-chip static FTSs, including spatially modulated, temporally modulated, and space-time comodulated FTSs, from the aspects of theories, implementations, and performance indicators. Finally, the paper ends with a discussion of the challenges and a view of the prospective development of this exciting field.

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“…The silicon-on-insulator (SOI) integrated photonic platform has been successfully exploited in a wide variety of fields, from telecom and datacom systems [ 1 , 2 ] to biochemical sensors [ 3 ], LIDAR systems [ 4 ], microspectrometers [ 5 , 6 , 7 ] and supercontinuum generation [ 8 ], among many others. The expansion into these diverse application fields has been made possible by the inherent benefits of the SOI platform, including large capacity of integration due to high refractive-index contrast [ 9 ] and low-cost mass production provided by the compatibility with complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication processes [ 10 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, the strong modal confinement results in SOI devices with high sensitivity to geometrical deviations from nominal design. This constraint is also present in power splitting components, a fundamental functionality in most silicon photonic integrated circuits [ 11 ] and, specifically, in an extensive range of applications including wavelength- and mode-division multiplexing [ 12 ], optical phased arrays [ 13 ] and on-chip spectrometers [ 6 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Under this condition, the medium acts on a macroscopic level as a homogeneous metamaterial which combines the optical properties of its dielectric constituents (e.g., effective index, dispersion, anisotropy), hence enabling the customization of the medium optical response through geometrical design. This innovative solution has been successfully applied to fiber-chip couplers, on-chip polarization management, mode-division multiplexing and integrated interferometer arrays, to name a few examples [ 6 , 12 , 44 ]. Specifically, subwavelength metamaterials have been applied to different power splitting architectures such as directional couplers [ 45 , 46 , 47 ] or MMIs [ 48 , 49 ], providing compact devices with enhanced performance over a broad bandwidth [ 50 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High-Performance On-Chip Silicon Beamsplitter Based on Subwavelength Metamaterials for Enhanced Fabrication Tolerance

et al. 2021

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Efficient power splitting is a fundamental functionality in silicon photonic integrated circuits, but state-of-the-art power-division architectures are hampered by limited operational bandwidth, high sensitivity to fabrication errors or large footprints. In particular, traditional Y-junction power splitters suffer from fundamental mode losses due to limited fabrication resolution near the junction tip. In order to circumvent this limitation, we propose a new type of high-performance Y-junction power splitter that incorporates subwavelength metamaterials. Full three-dimensional simulations show a fundamental mode excess loss below 0.1 dB in an ultra-broad bandwidth of 300 nm (1400–1700 nm) when optimized for a fabrication resolution of 50 nm, and under 0.3 dB in a 350 nm extended bandwidth (1350–1700 nm) for a 100 nm resolution. Moreover, analysis of fabrication tolerances shows robust operation for the fundamental mode to etching errors up to ± 20 nm. A proof-of-concept device provides an initial validation of its operation principle, showing experimental excess losses lower than 0.2 dB in a 195 nm bandwidth for the best-case resolution scenario (i.e., 50 nm).

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On-chip Fourier-transform spectrometers and machine learning: a new route to smart photonic sensors

Cited by 22 publications

References 17 publications

Advances in cost-effective integrated spectrometers

Advances in cost-effective integrated spectrometers

Research Progress on On‐Chip Fourier Transform Spectrometer

High-Performance On-Chip Silicon Beamsplitter Based on Subwavelength Metamaterials for Enhanced Fabrication Tolerance

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