On-board measurements of emissions from diesel trucks in five cities in China

Hong, Huasheng; Yao, Zheng; Zhang, Yingzhi; Shen, Xianbao; Zhang, Qiang; He, Kebin

doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.068

Cited by 113 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Most of the EF PM from trucks has been measured by using tunnel and dynamometer tests, which cannot be used to evaluate influential factors for realworld PM emissions from a single truck (Alves et al, 2015b;Mancilla and Mendoza, 2012;Pietikainen et al, 2015). Although several studies have measured realworld PM emissions from trucks by using on-board tests (Wu et al, 2016Zhang et al, 2015), the data should be updated frequently (Huo et al, 2012) because EF PM emitted from trucks could change along with improved emission standards. In addition, data of real-world EF PM emitted from non-road diesel vehicles are scarce in China.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of PM and its chemical composition in real-world emissions from non-road and on-road diesel vehicles

et al. 2017

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Abstract. With the rapid growth in the number of both non-road and on-road diesel vehicles, the adverse effects of particulate matter (PM) and its constituents on air quality and human health have attracted increasing attentions. However, studies on the characteristics of PM and its composition emitted from diesel vehicles are still scarce, especially under real-world driving conditions. In this study, six excavators and five trucks that provided a wide range of emission standards and operation modes were tested, and PM emissions and their constituents -including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble ions (WSIs), elements, and organic species like polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes, and hopanes -as well as steranes were analyzed and characterized. The average emission factors for PM (EF PM ) from excavator and truck emissions were 829 ± 806 and 498 ± 234 mg kg −1 fuel, respectively. EF PM and PM constituents were significantly affected by fuel quality, operational mode, and emission standards. A significant correlation (R 2 = 0.79, p < 0.01) was found between EF PM for excavators and the sulfur contents in fuel. The highest average EF PM for working excavators was 904 ± 979 mg kg −1 fuel as a higher engine load required in this mode. From pre-stage 1 to stage 2, the average EF PM for excavators decreased by 58 %. For trucks, the average nonhighway EF PM at 548 ± 311 mg kg −1 fuel was higher than the highway EF PM at 497 ± 231 mg kg −1 fuel. Moreover, the reduction rates were 63.5 and 65.6 % when switched from China II and III to China IV standards, respectively. Generally, the PM composition emitted from excavators was dominated by OC (39.2 ± 21.0 %) and EC (33.3 ± 25.9 %); PM from trucks was dominated by EC (26.9 ± 20.8 %), OC (9.89 ± 12 %), and WSIs (4.67 ± 5.74 %). The average OC / EC ratios for idling and working excavators were 3 to 4 times higher than those for moving excavators. Although the EF PM for excavators and trucks was reduced with the constraint of regulations, the element fractions for excavators increased from 0.49 % in pre-stage 1 to 3.03 % in stage 2, and the fraction of WSIs for the China IV truck was 5 times higher than the average value of all other-level trucks. Furthermore, as compared with other diesel vehicles, wide ranges were found for excavators of the ratios of benzo operation modes. A comparison of our results with those in the literature revealed that on-board measurement data more accurately reflect actual conditions. Although the fractions of the 16 priority PAHs in PM from the excavator and truck emissions were similar, the equivalent concentrations of total benzo[a]pyrene of excavators were 31 times than that for trucks, implying that more attention should be paid to non-road vehicle emissions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurement of PM and its chemical composition in real-world emissions from non-road and on-road diesel vehicles

et al. 2017

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“…More detailed vehicle number data by fuel type and emission control technology are required to calculate emissions as they were reported to have distinct influences on emission factors (Huo et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2015;Cao et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An updated emission inventory of vehicular VOCs and IVOCs in China

et al. 2017

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Abstract. Currently, the emission inventory of vehicular volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one of those with the largest errors and uncertainties due to suboptimal estimation methods and the lack of first-hand basic data. In this study, an updated speciated emission inventory of VOCs and an estimation of intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) from vehicles in China at the provincial level for the year of 2015 are developed based on a set of state-of-the-art methods and an abundance of local measurement data. Activity data for light-duty vehicles are derived from trajectories of more than 70 000 cars for 1 year. The annual mileage of trucks are calculated from reported data by more than 2 million trucks in China. The emission profiles are updated using measurement data. Vehicular tailpipe emissions (VTEs) and four types of vehicular evaporation emissions (VEEs), including refueling, hot soak, diurnal and running loss, are taken into account. Results show that the total vehicular VOC emissions in China are 4.21 Tg (with a 95 % confidence interval range from 2.90 to 6.54 Tg) and the IVOC emissions are 200.37 Gg in 2015. VTEs are still the predominant contributor, while VEEs are responsible for 39.20 % of VOC emissions. The control of VEEs is yet to be optimized in China. Among VTEs, passenger vehicles emissions have the largest share (49.86 %), followed by trucks (28.15 %) and motorcycles (21.99 %). Among VEEs, running loss is the largest contributor (81.05 %). For both VTEs and VEEs, Guangdong, Shandong and Jiangsu province are three of the highest, with a respective contribution of 10.66, 8.85 and 6.54 % to the total amounts of VOCs from vehicles. 97 VOC species are analyzed in this VOC emission inventory. i-Pentane, toluene and formaldehyde are found to be the most abundant species in China's vehicular VOC emissions. The estimated IVOCs are another "inconvenient truth", concluding that precursor emissions for secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from vehicles are much larger than previously estimated.

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“…The carbonyl-sampling unit included a potassium iodide (KI) silicone tube, a two-stage 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) absorption cartridge, a flow meter and a Gast sampling pump. More detailed information on the equipment can be found in our previous studies (Yao et al, 2007;Liu et al, 2009;Yao et al, 2011;Huo et al, 2012;Zhang et al, 2013).…”

Section: Test Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study, a fixed route method following the traffic on the roads was used to measure the emissions of the tested vehicles in Xiamen (Yao et al, 2007;Huo et al, 2012). A typical test route included different types of roads in the Jimei District of Xiamen.…”

Section: Test Vehicles and Routesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, tunnel studies only reflect the average emissions of a vehicle fleet. In the past several years, on-road testing based on portable emission-measurement systems (PEMS) has been widely used to study the emission characteristics of vehicles because this method accurately reflects the real emission profiles of individual vehicles on the road (Wang et al, 2005;Yao et al, 2007;Liu et al, 2009;Wang et al, 2011;Yao et al, 2011;Hu et al, 2012;Huo et al, 2012). However, most of the studies based on PEMS focused only on the total hydrocarbons and other pollutants, and few studies have focused on vehicular carbonyl emissions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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On-Road Emission Characteristics of Carbonyl Compounds for Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks

Yao

Jiang

Shen

et al. 2015

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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To study the emission characteristics of carbonyl compounds for in-use diesel vehicles on real roads, nine in-use heavyduty diesel trucks (HDDTs) representing different emission standards from China 0 to China 3 were tested on roads in Xiamen using an on-board carbonyl compound sampling system with a 2,4-DNPH cartridge. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to quantify the carbonyl compound emission factors. In total, 10 carbonyl compounds were detected for all the tested vehicles in this work. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and propanal were the three largest contributors of carbonyl emissions, accounting for 47.9%, 21.0% and 9.9% of the total carbonyls, respectively. The emission standards had a significant effect on the emission factors and profiles of the carbonyl compounds from the test vehicles. The total emissions of carbonyls from the test vehicles with China 0, China 1, China 2 and China 3 emission standards were 318.4, 232.8, 108.1 and 88.8 mg/km, respectively. The relative contribution of formaldehyde to the total carbonyl emissions increased with increasing stringency of the emission standards. Driving patterns also affected the vehicular carbonyl emissions. The total carbonyl emissions under highway driving cycles were lower than those under non-highway driving cycles. In addition, the ozone-formation potential of the carbonyls from the tested diesel vehicles was analyzed. This work represents a preliminary step in measuring carbonyl emission characteristics using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). More attention should be paid to carbonyl emissions from HDDTs.

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On-board measurements of emissions from diesel trucks in five cities in China

Cited by 113 publications

References 26 publications

Measurement of PM and its chemical composition in real-world emissions from non-road and on-road diesel vehicles

Measurement of PM and its chemical composition in real-world emissions from non-road and on-road diesel vehicles

An updated emission inventory of vehicular VOCs and IVOCs in China

On-Road Emission Characteristics of Carbonyl Compounds for Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks

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