Omics Strategies in Current Advancements of Infectious Fish Disease Management

Abstract

Aquaculture is an important industry globally as it remains one of the significant alternatives of animal protein source supplies for humankind. Yet, the progression of this industry is being dampened by the increasing rate of fish mortality, mainly the outbreak of infectious diseases. Consequently, the regress in aquaculture ultimately results in the economy of multiple countries being affected due to the decline of product yields and marketability. By 2025, aquaculture is expected to contribute approximately 57% of fish consumption worldwide. Without a strategic approach to curb infectious diseases, the increasing demands of the aquaculture industry may not be sustainable and hence contributing to the over-fishing of wild fish. Recently, a new holistic approach that utilizes multi-omics platforms including transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics is unraveling the intricate molecular mechanisms of host-pathogen interaction. This approach aims to provide a better understanding of how to improve the resistance of host species. However, no comprehensive review has been published on multi-omics strategies in deciphering fish disease etiology and molecular regulation. Most publications have only covered particular omics and no constructive reviews on various omics findings across fish species, particularly on their immune systems, have been described elsewhere. Our previous publication reviewed the integration of omics application for understanding the mechanism of fish immune response due to microbial infection. Hence, this review provides a thorough compilation of current advancements in omics strategies for fish disease management in the aquaculture industry. The discovery of biomarkers in various fish diseases and their potential advancement to complement the recent progress in combatting fish disease is also discussed in this review.

Prediction of Feed Efficiency and Performance-Based Traits in Fish via Integration of Multiple Omics and Clinical Covariates

“…Our study highlights the utility of concordance-based analysis to examine relationships between multi-omics datasets, extending its use beyond some existing microbiome–metabolome exemplars in human models [ 59 , 60 , 61 ]. Omics-based investigations of fish health is a rapidly evolving area of research important for the development of strategies to confer disease resistance and produce therapeutic interventions [ 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ]. Unravelling cross-omic associations which underly various health conditions in fish is a challenging but crucial task for mapping molecular networks.…”

Zoonosis and Vaccination for Fish Health Managment

“…So, fish vaccination is one of the major tools for the management of aquaculture health, hence a need to move away from conventional vaccines and concentrating on novel fish immunization techniques are essential. Vaccine development employing advanced technologies like 'Omics based' [182,183] and nano carriers-based adjuvants [184,185] environmentally friendly vaccines like plant based vaccines [186,187], which are efficient, costeffective, require small doses, and do not require the use of antibiotics, arises in light of the increasing importance that fish and fisheries are receiving globally in recent years.…”

Multi-Omics Analysis to Understand the Effects of Dietary Proanthocyanidins on Antioxidant Capacity, Muscle Nutrients, Lipid Metabolism, and Intestinal Microbiota in Cyprinus carpio

“…In response to environmental stressors, multi-omics analysis has revealed new pathways in fish that could be pivotal in understanding how these organisms adapt and survive [25,26]. Moreover, multi-omics analyses have facilitated the elucidation of crucial mechanisms involved in fish diseases, contributing to the treatment options and comprehension of pathogenic processes [27]. For example, Li et al employed both transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to elucidate the beneficial impact of resveratrol on lipid metabolism disorders induced by a high-fat diet in red tilapia [28].…”