“…In 2000, Messner, Dunbar, and Hunt identified a consistent ''televised sports manhood formula'' in sports programming (including sports events, news programs, and commercials) that promoted and reinforced the hegemonic masculine ideals of male domination and female sexual objectification (p. 380). It is important to note, however, recent studies found men and women participating in international sporting events, such as snowboarding, were equally perceived with masculine and feminine characteristics (Hardin, Chance, Dodd, & Hardin, 2002;Jones & Greer, 2012). Yet, in most sports media men are typically the central focus (Messner et al, 2000;Sabo & Jansen, 1992).…”