Olive Stones as Filler for Polymer-Based Composites: A Review

Abstract

Olives’ consumption produces copious agricultural byproducts that have accompanied humanity for millennia, but the increasing worldwide production complicates its management. Most wastes are generated during olive oil production in form of olive stones and other lignocellulosic derivatives. Industrial processes of chemical or physical nature to recover economically compounds from biomass residues are costly, difficult, and non-environmentally friendly. Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin biopolymers are the principal components of olive stones, which present interesting qualities as lignocellulosic fillers in polymeric composites. This review will summarize examples of composites based on thermoplastic polymers, such as polystyrene (PS), polylactide (PLA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP), and polycaprolactone (PCL); thermosetting resins (phenol-formaldehyde, unsaturated polyesters, and epoxy) and acrylonitrile butadiene rubber/devulcanized waste rubber (NBR/DWR) blends focusing on the fabrication procedures, characterization, and possible applications. Finally, thanks to the wide disparity in polymer matrix types, the variability in applications is important, from adsorption to mechanical enhancement, showing the easiness and benefit of olive stone integration in many materials.

Wear and Mechanical Properties of Olive Pit Powder Added Polypropylene Composite

“…Bizim yapmış olduğumuz bu çalışmada herhangi bir yağlayıcı kullanılmamıştır. Valves ve arkadaşları [16] polimer esaslı kompozitlerde dolgu malzemesi olarak kullanılan zeytin çekirdeği konusunda kapsamlı bir review yayınlamışlardır. Benzer bir çalışma ise Banat [17] tarafından yapılmıştır.…”

Chemical Treatment of Bio-Derived Industrial Waste Filled Recycled Low-Density Polyethylene: A Comparative Evaluation

“…Hence, based on the existing studies [ 3 , 35 ], we concluded that LDPE and OP waste are abundant but not widely used in producing materials, particularly biocomposites. Therefore, this study evaluated the various properties of natural-filler-based polymer biocomposites fabricated from the residue of OP and rLDPE in the form of a powder.…”

“…Therefore, it is extremely important to safely handle such materials [1,2]. It is estimated that one ton of olives is responsible for producing 0.6 tons of olive mill solid residue [3,4]. Olive pits (OP) are residues that form part of the solid wastes produced by the olive oil manufacturing industry during the processing and extraction of olive oil from olives [5,6].…”

Olive fiber reinforced epoxy composites: Dimensional Stability, and mechanical properties

“…The increased use of natural fibers, apart from their environmental benefits and renewable resources, as the most developed agricultural products bring wealth to rural areas, is very important for developing countries. [3,4] Additionally, natural fiber waste can be treated to create biodegradable, inexpensive, readily available, long-lasting, and robust polymer composites with high-performance fiber qualities. [5] Surface modification treatments were applied to the natural fiber reinforcing composite in order to boost the hydrophilic properties of the structure.…”