Oligosaccharides in human milk during different phases of lactation

Coppa, G V; Pierani, Paolo; Zampini, Lucia; Carloni, Ines; Carlucci, A; Gabrielli, Orazio

doi:10.1080/080352599750029808

Cited by 34 publications

(52 citation statements)

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“…These have a core structure consisting of a lactose unit at the reducing end and at least one Nacetylneuraminic acid unit at the nonreducing end. Sialyllacto-N-tetraose c (LSTc), 6 0 -sialyllactoses (6 0 -SL) and disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT) are the most representative constituents among sialyl-oligosaccharides, their concentration in human milk being 1050, 590, and 800 mg/l in colostrum and 120, 240, and 630 mg/l at 90 days lactation, respectively (Coppa et al, 1999). They constitute 60-70% of the weight of all sialyl-oligosaccharides (w/w) in human milk (Coppa et al, 1999).…”

Section: Sialic Acid In the Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sialyllacto-N-tetraose c (LSTc), 6 0 -sialyllactoses (6 0 -SL) and disialyllacto-N-tetraose (DSLNT) are the most representative constituents among sialyl-oligosaccharides, their concentration in human milk being 1050, 590, and 800 mg/l in colostrum and 120, 240, and 630 mg/l at 90 days lactation, respectively (Coppa et al, 1999). They constitute 60-70% of the weight of all sialyl-oligosaccharides (w/w) in human milk (Coppa et al, 1999). All sialyl-oligosaccharides show a gradual decrement as lactation progresses, the concentration at day 90 being about 30-50% of that present in colostrum.…”

Section: Sialic Acid In the Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role and potential of sialic acid in human nutrition

2003

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Sialic acids are a family of nine-carbon acidic monosaccharides that occur naturally at the end of sugar chains attached to the surfaces of cells and soluble proteins. In the human body, the highest concentration of sialic acid (as N-acetylneuraminic acid) occurs in the brain where it participates as an integral part of ganglioside structure in synaptogenesis and neural transmission. Human milk also contains a high concentration of sialic acid attached to the terminal end of free oligosaccharides, but its metabolic fate and biological role are currently unknown. An important question is whether the sialic acid in human milk is a conditional nutrient and confers developmental advantages on breast-fed infants compared to those fed infant formula. In this review, we critically discuss the current state of knowledge of the biology and role of sialic acid in human milk and nervous tissue, and the link between sialic acid, breastfeeding and learning behaviour.

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Section: Sialic Acid In the Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sialic Acid In the Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role and potential of sialic acid in human nutrition

2003

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“…It is known that the concentration of nHMO in colostrum or mature milk is much higher than that of acidic oligosaccahrides. 1) It has been reported that various microbial cell wall constituents act as signals via TLR2. Representative examples of these constituents are lipoteichoic acid and peptidoglycan, which are cell wall constituents of some bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.…”

Section: The Effects Of Nhmo or Go Administration On Gene Expression mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The maximum concentration of HMO is observed in colostrum (more than 20 g L), while after about two weeks of lactation, this falls to about 12 14 g L in milk. 1) It is thought that human milk has a high content of neutral oligosaccharides, especially fucosyloligosaccharides. 2,3) Several studies on HMO have suggested that most of these substances remain undigested in the small intestine, 4 7) and thus reach the colon where they stimulate the growth of colonic microorganisms beneficial to human health, specifically bifidobacteria and lactobacilli.…”

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confidence: 99%

Effect of Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression of Toll-like Receptor 2 and 4, and of MD2 in the Intestinal Cell Line HT-29

朝隈¹,

横山²,

木村³

et al. 2010

J. Appl. Glycosci.

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The human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) fraction is the third largest solid component in milk colostrum, after lactose and lipids. The maximum concentration of HMO is observed in colostrum (more than 20 g L), while after about two weeks of lactation, this falls to about 12 14 g L in milk. 1) It is thought that human milk has a high content of neutral oligosaccharides, especially fucosyloligosaccharides. 2,3) Several studies on HMO have suggested that most of these substances remain undigested in the small intestine, 4 7) and thus reach the colon where they stimulate the growth of colonic microorganisms beneficial to human health, specifically bifidobacteria and lactobacilli. 8 11) The colonic microflora of the breast fed infant contains more than 90% bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, 12) whereas formula fed infants are more often colonized by Escherichia coli, Clostridium difficile or Bacteroides. 13) In addition, other functions have been attributed to HMO, including serving as a component of innate immunity by preventing the attachment of potential pathogens to the intestinal tract. 14) For example, some mainly fucosylated HMOs have been found to act as receptor homologs, inhibiting the binding of pathogens, such as enteropathogenic E. coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio cholerae and Salmonella fyris, to their host receptors. 15 18) A direct effect of HMOs or commercially available prebiotic oligosaccharides on the intestinal innate immune system has not, however, as yet been demonstrated. It has recently been reported that the feeding of prebiotic oligosaccharides (arabino galactan, short chain fructo oligosaccharide, iso malto dextrins, etc.) together with bifidobacteria (Bifidobacterium bifidum and B. longum subsp. infantis) has effects that may alter the course of rotavirus disease in BALB c mice. 19) This suggests that these prebiotic saccharides not only promote the growth of colonic bifidobacteria, but also act as a direct regulator of the intestinal innate immune system.All microorganisms contain distinct structures or microbe associated molecular patterns that are recognized via pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). It is well known that an important class of PRRs is TLRs. The TLRs, TLR

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“…6,8 HMOs reach the highest concentration in colostrum (20-25 g/l), and then decrease after roughly two weeks to approximately 5-20 g/l in mature breast milk. 1,6,[8][9][10][11] HMOs consists of five different monosaccharide units:• Glucose.• Galactose.• The sialic acid component, known as N-acetylglucosamine.• Fucose.• N-acteylneuaminic acid. 1,12 With a few exceptions, all HMOs contain lactose at their reducing end.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of human milk oligosaccharides in preventing necrotising enterocolitis and human immunodeficiency virus transmission

Niekerk

Blaauw

Kirsten

2014

South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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The role of human milk oligosaccharides in preventing necrotising enterocolitis and human immunodeficiency virus transmission IntroductionResearch, started over a century ago, on human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) has focused predominantly on their prebiotic effects. Today it is known that the bifidogenic effects of HMOs are one of the many beneficial effects now being discovered. 1 In addition to providing a substrate for the growth of beneficial bacteria, HMOs also directly inhibit pathogens from adhering to the intestinal epithelia through their antiadhesive properties. 1 Recent data suggest that firstly, a relationship exists between the HMOs and the incidence of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC), 2,3 and secondly, they may have an influence on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) transmission. 4 This article aims to describe the prebiotic and antiadhesive effects of HMOs, and how they could possibly prevent the development of NEC in the presence of HIV infection. Human milk oligosaccharidesHMOs 5,6 are complex carbohydrates that are highly abundant in breast milk, but not in infant formula. 7 Oligosaccharides are carbohydrates made up of 3-9 monosaccharide units. 5,6 The oligosaccharide concentration of human milk varies with gestational age, lactation duration, and from one mother to another. 6,8 HMOs reach the highest concentration in colostrum (20-25 g/l), and then decrease after roughly two weeks to approximately 5-20 g/l in mature breast milk. 1,6,[8][9][10][11] HMOs consists of five different monosaccharide units:• Glucose.• Galactose.• The sialic acid component, known as N-acetylglucosamine.• Fucose.• N-acteylneuaminic acid. 1,12 With a few exceptions, all HMOs contain lactose at their reducing end. They may be elongated (an enzymatic attachment) by the addition of β1-3-or β1-6-linked lacto-N-biose or N-acetyllacetosamine. The latter can be further extended by one or two disaccharides. Chain branching may occur at the β1-6 linkage. Branched lactose molecules may form both linear (para-HMOs) and branched structures (iso-HMOs). Furthermore, oligosaccharide chains can be fucosylated (also known as neutral oligosaccharides) in the α1-2, α1-3 or α1-4 linkage, or sialylated (also known as acidic oligosaccharides) in the α2-3 or α2-6 linkage. The ABH secretor (Se) status and Lewis (Le) blood group determines the HMO composition of a mother's breast milk. 1 The presence or absence of blood group substances (A, B and H) in the saliva and other body secretions is controlled by a gene on chromosome 19, the fucosyltransferase AbstractThe heavy burden of maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has resulted in a high prevalence of premature births, with an associated increase in the incidence of necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). NEC is a life-threatening inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract that predominantly occurs in preterm infants. Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are carbohydrate compounds which have been shown to have health-promoting effects through their bifidogenic and antiadhesiv...

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Oligosaccharides in human milk during different phases of lactation

Cited by 34 publications

References 0 publications

The role and potential of sialic acid in human nutrition

The role and potential of sialic acid in human nutrition

Effect of Human Milk Oligosaccharides on Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Expression of Toll-like Receptor 2 and 4, and of MD2 in the Intestinal Cell Line HT-29

The role of human milk oligosaccharides in preventing necrotising enterocolitis and human immunodeficiency virus transmission

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