Oligomeric Phosphorus Esters with Flame Retardant Utility

Weil, Edward D.; Fearing, Ralph B.; Jaffe, Fred

doi:10.1021/bk-1981-0171.ch074

Cited by 5 publications

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“…In this reaction very little HCI is released and ethylene dichloride is the main byproduct. Lewis acid chlorides were found to be ineffective [10]. Similar behavior has been reported for tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate and a variety of other alkyl phosphates [11].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 76%

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Thermal Stability of Fire Retardants:* V. Decomposition of Haloalkyl Phosphates under Polyurethane Processing Conditions

Larsen

Ecker

1988

Journal of Fire Sciences

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The thermal decomposition of a series of commercial FR agents used in polyurethane was studied in dilute solution in bibenzyl at temperatures commonly found in the center of large, slab stock buns. At 216°C all of the haloalkyl phosphates containing the XCH 2 CYHOgroups, where X is Cl or Br and Y is H or ClCH 2 -, decomposed at similar rates, i.e., they all gave first order rate constants between 1.0 and 5.8 x 10 -4 min -1 . The addition of toluene diamine to the solution increased the rate of acid evolution from the reacting mixture by a factor of at least ten and in one case by a factor of sixty. The amine is postulated to attack the C-X bond to produce a secondary amine hydrohalide salt which releases hydrogen halide at elevated temperatures.Pentabromodiphenyl oxide was found to be stable under both sets of conditions. Tris (2,3-dibromopropyl) phosphate, in contrast, undergoes decomposition via a free radical mechanism similar to that of vicinal dibromoalkanes.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 76%

“…Any HCI formed is scavenged by the trialkyl phosphate to yield alkyl chloride and the acid phosphate ester [10]. In this reaction very little HCI is released and ethylene dichloride is the main byproduct.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Stability of Fire Retardants:* V. Decomposition of Haloalkyl Phosphates under Polyurethane Processing Conditions

Larsen

Ecker

1988

Journal of Fire Sciences

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“…To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the oft-proposed hypothesis that phosphoric acid acts as a fire retardant for polyurethanes [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] has been confirmed experimentally. As the haloalkyl phosphates do not release the free acid on pyrolysis, [11][12][13] it would seem unlikely that their mode of action is based on a mechanism involving the acid. It is, however, possible that the reaction of these esters, as well as the acid, with the polyurethane substrate, both lead to the formation of the same material, which is the actual retarding agent or intermediate.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,12 In the case of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, free phosphoric acid was not detected in the pyrolysis zone under the flame of a burning polyether-based flexible polyurethane foam containing this material. 13 Regarding the second conjecture, in spite of the frequent references suggesting that phosphoric acid is the active species when organophosphates act as fire retardants in urethane foams, [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] the actual efficacy of phosphoric acid in this substrate does not seem to have ever actually been subjected to experimental verification.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Flexible polyurethane foam. III. Phosphoric acid as a flame retardant

Ravey

Pearce

1999

J. Appl. Polym. Sci.

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Polyurethane foam is flammable. Incorporating flame retardants in the material minimize this property and hence combustion susceptibility. Here, we developed a flame retardant as we synthesis a nanocomposite from polylactic acid (PLA) and kaolin. This was incorporate into flexible polyurethane foam. FTIR of incorporated foam shows peaks at 1099.26 cm -1 and 1267.51 cm -1 attributable to oxysilicane (Si-O-) and organosilicone (Si-C) respectively, suggesting an interaction between the foam and the nanocomposite. SEM was used to present the morphology of the foam formed, while the effect of the nanocomposite on the flame characteristics of polyurethane was studied at varying amount for optimum effect. The results showed that the flame propagation rate, flame duration, and after glow of foams formed decrease while ignition time and char formation increases with increase in the amount of PLA/kaolin nanocomposite incorporated. These results potentially presents PLA/kaolin nanocomposite as a good flame retardant for flexible polyurethane foam.

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“…Organophosphorus Monomers. Many vinyl monomers containing phosphorus have been described in the literature (110,111), but few have gone beyond the laboratory. Methacryloxyethyl acid phosphates are commercially available but appear to be used in coatings as adhesion improvers, not as flame retardants.…”

Section: 7mentioning

confidence: 99%

Flame Retardants

Weil¹

2015

Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Technology

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Flame retardants believed to be in actual use, recently discontinued, or believed to be under commercial development, are surveyed and classified by main chemical types: inorganic, halogenated (organic), phosphorus‐based, sulfur‐based, and nitrogen‐based. Both additive and reactive types are discussed. Mode of action and environmental factors are briefly discussed. Evidence for the value of flame retardants for life safety is presented. The use of high molecular weight additives, reactives, or inorganic additives is shown as a current strategy for avoiding environmental concerns.

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Oligomeric Phosphorus Esters with Flame Retardant Utility

Cited by 5 publications

References 0 publications

Thermal Stability of Fire Retardants:* V. Decomposition of Haloalkyl Phosphates under Polyurethane Processing Conditions

Thermal Stability of Fire Retardants:* V. Decomposition of Haloalkyl Phosphates under Polyurethane Processing Conditions

Flexible polyurethane foam. III. Phosphoric acid as a flame retardant

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