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O curso de graduação em Odontologia não pode se apartar de seu papel social formador e transformador na construção de um profissional cidadão, reflexivo e que transforme a sua realidade em função das demandas da sociedade. O ensino de graduação que permeie a educação com base na comunidade pode se consubstanciar como ferramenta essencial na construção do olhar sociocomportamental em estudantes universitários, na medida em que promovam a compreensão dos fatores que afetam o bem estar e a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos no cotidiano, tendo o corpo docente como construtor de conhecimentos e fundamentos, gestor de ações planejadas, metódicas e realizadas com determinado objetivo, recriando e superando os modelos de ensino/aprendizagem. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) recomenda que os currículos de graduação em saúde comportem estratégias pedagógicas capazes de levar à formação de profissionais sensíveis aos problemas de sua comunidade, preparados para a prestação de cuidados em todos os níveis de serviços de saúde. Neste contexto, o propósito deste trabalho foi analisar o papel do professor na percepção dos alunos de Odontologia considerando o impacto do ensino de graduação baseado na comunidade.Descritores: Aprendizagem; Docentes; Estudantes; Percepção; Universidades; Relações Comunidade-Instituição.ReferênciasDornan T, Littlewood S, Margolis SA, Scherpbier A, Spencer J, Ypinazar V. How can experience in clinical and community settings contribute to early medical education? A BEME systematic review. Med Teach. 2006;28(1):3-18.Art B, De Roo L, De Maeseneer J. Towards unity for health utilising community-oriented primary care in education and practice. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2007;20(2):74.Dolmans DH, Wolfhagen HA, Scherpbier AJ. From quality assurance to total quality management: how can quality assurance result in continuous improvement in health professions education?. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2003;16(2):210-17.Community-based education of health personnel. Report of a WHO study group [published correction appears in World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1987;746:preceding 1]. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1987;746:1-89.Deogade SC, Naitam D. Reflective learning in community-based dental education. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2016;29(2):119-23.Silverman J, Draper J, Kurtz S. Skills for communicating with patients. Oxon: Radcliffe Medical Press; 2008.Interprofessional education collaborative expert panel . Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice: report of an expert panel (update) 2016.Forte FDS, Pontes AA, Morais HG, Barbosa AS, Sousa Nétto OB. Olhar discente e a formação em Odontologia: interseções possíveis com a Estratégia Saúde da Família. Interface. 2019;23:e170407. Lestari E, Stalmeijer RE, Widyandana D, Scherpbier A. Understanding attitude of health care professional teachers toward interprofessional health care collaboration and education in a Southeast Asian country. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2018;11:557-71.Roop SA, Pangaro L. Effect of clinical teaching on student performance during a medicine clerkship. Am J Med. 2001;110(3):205-209.Irby DM, Papadakis M. Does good clinical teaching really make a difference. Am J Med. 2001;110:231-32.Dybowski C, Sehner S, Harendza S. Influence of motivation, self-efficacy and situational factors on the teaching quality of clinical educators. BMC Med Educ. 2017;17(1):84. Mahler D, Großschedl J, Harms U. Does motivation matter? - The relationship between teachers' self-efficacy and enthusiasm and students' performance. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0207252.Hattie J. Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement London: Routledge; 2009.Walters L, Greenhill J, Richards J, Ward H, Campbell N, Ash J, et al. Outcomes of longitudinal integrated clinical placements for students, clinicians and society. Med Educ 2012;46:1028-41.Evans CA, Bolden AJ, Hryhorczuk C, Noorullah K. Management of experiences in community-based dental education. J Dent Educ. 2010;74(10 Suppl):S25-32.Knight GW. Community-based dental education at the University of Illinois at Chicago. J Dent Educ. 2011;75(10 Suppl):S14-S20.Abuzar MA, Owen J. A Community Engaged Dental Curriculum: A Rural Indigenous Outplacement Programme. J Public Health Res. 2016;5(1):668.Warmiling CM, Rossoni E, Hugo FN, Toassi RFC, Lemos VA, Slavutzki SMB, et al. Estágios curriculares no SUS: experiências da Faculdade de Odontologia da UFGRS. Rev ABENO. 2011; 11(2):63-70. Donate-Bartfield E, Lobb WK, Roucka TM. Teaching culturally sensitive care to dental students: a multidisciplinary approach. J Dent Educ. 2014;78(3):454-64.Araújo ME, Zilbovicius C. O ensino da epidemiologia na educação odontológica. In: Ferreira Antunes JLF, Peres MAP. (Org.). Epidemiologia da saúde bucal. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2006. p. 363-72.Aguiar Neta A, Alves MSCF. A comunidade como local de protagonismo na integração ensino-serviço e atuação multiprofissional. Trab educ saúde. 2016;14(1):221-35.Amundsen C, Wilson M. Are we asking the right questions? A conceptual review of the educational development literature in higher education. Rev Educa Res. 2012;82(1):90–126.Ceccim RB, Ferla AA. Educação e saúde: ensino e cidadania como travessia de fronteiras. Trab educ saúde. 2008;6(3):443-56.Mohan M, Ravindran TKS. Conceptual Framework Explaining "Preparedness for Practice" of Dental Graduates: A Systematic Review. J Dent Educ. 2018;82(11):1194-202.Holden ACL. "Preparedness for Practice" for Dental Graduates Is a Multifaceted Concept That Extends Beyond Academic and Clinical Skills. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2020;20(1):101421.Elmberger A, Björck E, Liljedahl M, Nieminen J, Bolander Laksov K. Contradictions in clinical teachers' engagement in educational development: an activity theory analysis. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2019;24(1):125-40.Steinert Y, O'Sullivan PS, Irby DM. Strengthening Teachers' Professional Identities Through Faculty Development. Acad Med. 2019;94(7):963-68.Lazzarin HC, Nakama L, Cordoni Júnior L. Percepção de professores de odontologia no processo de ensino-aprendizagem [Perceptions of dentistry teachers in the teaching and learning process]. Cien Saude Colet. 2010;15 Suppl 1:1801-10.Seijo MO, Ferreira EF, Ribeiro Sobrinho AP, Paiva SM, Martins RC. Learning experience in endodontics: Brazilian students' perceptions. J Dent Educ. 2013;77(5):648-55.Victoroff KZ, Hogan S. Students' perceptions of effective learning experiences in dental school: a qualitative study using a critical incident technique. J Dent Educ. 2006;70(2):124-32.Divaris K, Barlow PJ, Chendea SA, Cheong WS, Dounis A, Dragan IF et al. O ambiente acadêmico: a perspectiva dos alunos. Eur J Dent Educ . 2008; 12 Suppl 1:120-30. Pöhlmann K, Jonas I, Ruf S, Harzer W. Stress, burnout and health in the clinical period of dental education. Eur J Dent Educ. 2005;9(2):78-84.Toassi RFC, Davoglio RS, Lemos VMA. Integração ensino-serviço-comunidade: o estágio na atenção básica da graduação em Odontologia. Educ rev. 2012; 28(4):223-42.Ayers CS, Abrams RA, McCunniff MD, Goldstein BR. A comparison of private and public dental students' perceptions of extramural programming. J Dent Educ. 2003;67(4):412-17.DeCastro JE, Matheson PB, Panagakos FS, Stewart DC, Feldman CA. Alumni perspectives on community-based and traditional curricula. J Dent Educ. 2003;67(4):418-26.DeCastro JE, Bolger D, Feldman CA. Clinical competence of graduates of community-based and traditional curricula. J Dent Educ. 2005;69(12):1324-31.Bean CY, Rowland ML, Soller H, et al. Comparing fourth-year dental student productivity and experiences in a dental school with community-based clinical education. J Dent Educ. 2007;71(8):1020-26.Henzi D, Davis E, Jasinevicius R, Hendricson W. North American dental students' perspectives about their clinical education. J Dent Educ. 2006;70(4):361-77.Henzi D, Davis E, Jasinevicius R, Hendricson W. In the students' own words: what are the strengths and weaknesses of the dental school curriculum?. J Dent Educ. 2007;71(5):632-45.Batra M, Ivanišević Malčić A, Shah AF, Sagtani RA, Mikić IM, Knežević PT et al. Self assessment of dental students' perception of learning environment in Croatia, India and Nepal. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2018;52(4):275-85.Henzi D, Davis E, Jasinevicius R, Hendricson W, Cintron L, Isaacs M. Appraisal of the dental school learning environment: the students' view. J Dent Educ. 2005;69(10):1137-47.Riquelme A, Oporto M, Oporto J, Méndez JI, Viviani P, Salech F et al. Measuring students' perceptions of the educational climate of the new curriculum at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile: performance of the Spanish translation of the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM). Educ Health (Abingdon). 2009;22(1):112.Mayya S, Roff S. Students' perceptions of educational environment: a comparison of academic achievers and under-achievers at kasturba medical college, India. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2004;17(3):280-91.Batista CG, Nascimento CL, Rolim GS, Rocha RASS, Rodrigues AF, Ambrosano GMB et al. Student self-confidence in coping with uncooperative behaviours in paediatric dentistry. Eur J Dent Educ. 2011;15(4):199-204.Freire Mdo C, Jordao LM, de Paula Ferreira N, de Fatima Nunes M, Queiroz MG, Leles CR. Motivation towards career choice of Brazilian freshman students in a fifteen-year period. J Dent Educ. 2011;75(1):115-21.Arheiam A, Bankia I, Ingafou M. Perceived competency towards preventive dentistry among dental graduates: the need for curriculum change. Libyan J Med. 2015;10:26666. Pınar Erdem A, Peker K, Kuru S, Sepet E. Evaluation of Final-Year Turkish Dental Students' Knowledge, Attitude, and Self-Perceived Competency towards Preventive Dentistry. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:2346061. Schönwetter DJ, Law D, Mazurat R, Sileikyte R, Nazarko O. Assessing graduating dental students' competencies: the impact of classroom, clinic and externships learning experiences. Eur J Dent Educ. 2011;15(3):142-52. Shetty VB, Shirahatti RV, Pawar P. Students' perceptions of their education on graduation from a dental school in India. J Dent Educ. 2012;76(11):1520-26.Lanning SK, Wetzel AP, Baines MB, Ellen Byrne B. Evaluation of a revised curriculum: a four-year qualitative study of student perceptions. J Dent Educ. 2012;76(10):1323-33.Leadbeatter D, Peck C. Are dental students ready for supercomplex dental practice?. Eur J Dent Educ. 2018;22(1):e116-21.
O curso de graduação em Odontologia não pode se apartar de seu papel social formador e transformador na construção de um profissional cidadão, reflexivo e que transforme a sua realidade em função das demandas da sociedade. O ensino de graduação que permeie a educação com base na comunidade pode se consubstanciar como ferramenta essencial na construção do olhar sociocomportamental em estudantes universitários, na medida em que promovam a compreensão dos fatores que afetam o bem estar e a qualidade de vida dos indivíduos no cotidiano, tendo o corpo docente como construtor de conhecimentos e fundamentos, gestor de ações planejadas, metódicas e realizadas com determinado objetivo, recriando e superando os modelos de ensino/aprendizagem. A Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) recomenda que os currículos de graduação em saúde comportem estratégias pedagógicas capazes de levar à formação de profissionais sensíveis aos problemas de sua comunidade, preparados para a prestação de cuidados em todos os níveis de serviços de saúde. Neste contexto, o propósito deste trabalho foi analisar o papel do professor na percepção dos alunos de Odontologia considerando o impacto do ensino de graduação baseado na comunidade.Descritores: Aprendizagem; Docentes; Estudantes; Percepção; Universidades; Relações Comunidade-Instituição.ReferênciasDornan T, Littlewood S, Margolis SA, Scherpbier A, Spencer J, Ypinazar V. How can experience in clinical and community settings contribute to early medical education? A BEME systematic review. Med Teach. 2006;28(1):3-18.Art B, De Roo L, De Maeseneer J. Towards unity for health utilising community-oriented primary care in education and practice. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2007;20(2):74.Dolmans DH, Wolfhagen HA, Scherpbier AJ. From quality assurance to total quality management: how can quality assurance result in continuous improvement in health professions education?. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2003;16(2):210-17.Community-based education of health personnel. Report of a WHO study group [published correction appears in World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1987;746:preceding 1]. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser. 1987;746:1-89.Deogade SC, Naitam D. Reflective learning in community-based dental education. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2016;29(2):119-23.Silverman J, Draper J, Kurtz S. Skills for communicating with patients. Oxon: Radcliffe Medical Press; 2008.Interprofessional education collaborative expert panel . Core competencies for interprofessional collaborative practice: report of an expert panel (update) 2016.Forte FDS, Pontes AA, Morais HG, Barbosa AS, Sousa Nétto OB. Olhar discente e a formação em Odontologia: interseções possíveis com a Estratégia Saúde da Família. Interface. 2019;23:e170407. Lestari E, Stalmeijer RE, Widyandana D, Scherpbier A. Understanding attitude of health care professional teachers toward interprofessional health care collaboration and education in a Southeast Asian country. J Multidiscip Healthc. 2018;11:557-71.Roop SA, Pangaro L. Effect of clinical teaching on student performance during a medicine clerkship. Am J Med. 2001;110(3):205-209.Irby DM, Papadakis M. Does good clinical teaching really make a difference. Am J Med. 2001;110:231-32.Dybowski C, Sehner S, Harendza S. Influence of motivation, self-efficacy and situational factors on the teaching quality of clinical educators. BMC Med Educ. 2017;17(1):84. Mahler D, Großschedl J, Harms U. Does motivation matter? - The relationship between teachers' self-efficacy and enthusiasm and students' performance. PLoS One. 2018;13(11):e0207252.Hattie J. Visible learning: A synthesis of over 800 meta-analyses relating to achievement London: Routledge; 2009.Walters L, Greenhill J, Richards J, Ward H, Campbell N, Ash J, et al. Outcomes of longitudinal integrated clinical placements for students, clinicians and society. Med Educ 2012;46:1028-41.Evans CA, Bolden AJ, Hryhorczuk C, Noorullah K. Management of experiences in community-based dental education. J Dent Educ. 2010;74(10 Suppl):S25-32.Knight GW. Community-based dental education at the University of Illinois at Chicago. J Dent Educ. 2011;75(10 Suppl):S14-S20.Abuzar MA, Owen J. A Community Engaged Dental Curriculum: A Rural Indigenous Outplacement Programme. J Public Health Res. 2016;5(1):668.Warmiling CM, Rossoni E, Hugo FN, Toassi RFC, Lemos VA, Slavutzki SMB, et al. Estágios curriculares no SUS: experiências da Faculdade de Odontologia da UFGRS. Rev ABENO. 2011; 11(2):63-70. Donate-Bartfield E, Lobb WK, Roucka TM. Teaching culturally sensitive care to dental students: a multidisciplinary approach. J Dent Educ. 2014;78(3):454-64.Araújo ME, Zilbovicius C. O ensino da epidemiologia na educação odontológica. In: Ferreira Antunes JLF, Peres MAP. (Org.). Epidemiologia da saúde bucal. São Paulo: Guanabara Koogan; 2006. p. 363-72.Aguiar Neta A, Alves MSCF. A comunidade como local de protagonismo na integração ensino-serviço e atuação multiprofissional. Trab educ saúde. 2016;14(1):221-35.Amundsen C, Wilson M. Are we asking the right questions? A conceptual review of the educational development literature in higher education. Rev Educa Res. 2012;82(1):90–126.Ceccim RB, Ferla AA. Educação e saúde: ensino e cidadania como travessia de fronteiras. Trab educ saúde. 2008;6(3):443-56.Mohan M, Ravindran TKS. Conceptual Framework Explaining "Preparedness for Practice" of Dental Graduates: A Systematic Review. J Dent Educ. 2018;82(11):1194-202.Holden ACL. "Preparedness for Practice" for Dental Graduates Is a Multifaceted Concept That Extends Beyond Academic and Clinical Skills. J Evid Based Dent Pract. 2020;20(1):101421.Elmberger A, Björck E, Liljedahl M, Nieminen J, Bolander Laksov K. Contradictions in clinical teachers' engagement in educational development: an activity theory analysis. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2019;24(1):125-40.Steinert Y, O'Sullivan PS, Irby DM. Strengthening Teachers' Professional Identities Through Faculty Development. Acad Med. 2019;94(7):963-68.Lazzarin HC, Nakama L, Cordoni Júnior L. Percepção de professores de odontologia no processo de ensino-aprendizagem [Perceptions of dentistry teachers in the teaching and learning process]. Cien Saude Colet. 2010;15 Suppl 1:1801-10.Seijo MO, Ferreira EF, Ribeiro Sobrinho AP, Paiva SM, Martins RC. Learning experience in endodontics: Brazilian students' perceptions. J Dent Educ. 2013;77(5):648-55.Victoroff KZ, Hogan S. Students' perceptions of effective learning experiences in dental school: a qualitative study using a critical incident technique. J Dent Educ. 2006;70(2):124-32.Divaris K, Barlow PJ, Chendea SA, Cheong WS, Dounis A, Dragan IF et al. O ambiente acadêmico: a perspectiva dos alunos. Eur J Dent Educ . 2008; 12 Suppl 1:120-30. Pöhlmann K, Jonas I, Ruf S, Harzer W. Stress, burnout and health in the clinical period of dental education. Eur J Dent Educ. 2005;9(2):78-84.Toassi RFC, Davoglio RS, Lemos VMA. Integração ensino-serviço-comunidade: o estágio na atenção básica da graduação em Odontologia. Educ rev. 2012; 28(4):223-42.Ayers CS, Abrams RA, McCunniff MD, Goldstein BR. A comparison of private and public dental students' perceptions of extramural programming. J Dent Educ. 2003;67(4):412-17.DeCastro JE, Matheson PB, Panagakos FS, Stewart DC, Feldman CA. Alumni perspectives on community-based and traditional curricula. J Dent Educ. 2003;67(4):418-26.DeCastro JE, Bolger D, Feldman CA. Clinical competence of graduates of community-based and traditional curricula. J Dent Educ. 2005;69(12):1324-31.Bean CY, Rowland ML, Soller H, et al. Comparing fourth-year dental student productivity and experiences in a dental school with community-based clinical education. J Dent Educ. 2007;71(8):1020-26.Henzi D, Davis E, Jasinevicius R, Hendricson W. North American dental students' perspectives about their clinical education. J Dent Educ. 2006;70(4):361-77.Henzi D, Davis E, Jasinevicius R, Hendricson W. In the students' own words: what are the strengths and weaknesses of the dental school curriculum?. J Dent Educ. 2007;71(5):632-45.Batra M, Ivanišević Malčić A, Shah AF, Sagtani RA, Mikić IM, Knežević PT et al. Self assessment of dental students' perception of learning environment in Croatia, India and Nepal. Acta Stomatol Croat. 2018;52(4):275-85.Henzi D, Davis E, Jasinevicius R, Hendricson W, Cintron L, Isaacs M. Appraisal of the dental school learning environment: the students' view. J Dent Educ. 2005;69(10):1137-47.Riquelme A, Oporto M, Oporto J, Méndez JI, Viviani P, Salech F et al. Measuring students' perceptions of the educational climate of the new curriculum at the Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile: performance of the Spanish translation of the Dundee Ready Education Environment Measure (DREEM). Educ Health (Abingdon). 2009;22(1):112.Mayya S, Roff S. Students' perceptions of educational environment: a comparison of academic achievers and under-achievers at kasturba medical college, India. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2004;17(3):280-91.Batista CG, Nascimento CL, Rolim GS, Rocha RASS, Rodrigues AF, Ambrosano GMB et al. Student self-confidence in coping with uncooperative behaviours in paediatric dentistry. Eur J Dent Educ. 2011;15(4):199-204.Freire Mdo C, Jordao LM, de Paula Ferreira N, de Fatima Nunes M, Queiroz MG, Leles CR. Motivation towards career choice of Brazilian freshman students in a fifteen-year period. J Dent Educ. 2011;75(1):115-21.Arheiam A, Bankia I, Ingafou M. Perceived competency towards preventive dentistry among dental graduates: the need for curriculum change. Libyan J Med. 2015;10:26666. Pınar Erdem A, Peker K, Kuru S, Sepet E. Evaluation of Final-Year Turkish Dental Students' Knowledge, Attitude, and Self-Perceived Competency towards Preventive Dentistry. Biomed Res Int. 2019;2019:2346061. Schönwetter DJ, Law D, Mazurat R, Sileikyte R, Nazarko O. Assessing graduating dental students' competencies: the impact of classroom, clinic and externships learning experiences. Eur J Dent Educ. 2011;15(3):142-52. Shetty VB, Shirahatti RV, Pawar P. Students' perceptions of their education on graduation from a dental school in India. J Dent Educ. 2012;76(11):1520-26.Lanning SK, Wetzel AP, Baines MB, Ellen Byrne B. Evaluation of a revised curriculum: a four-year qualitative study of student perceptions. J Dent Educ. 2012;76(10):1323-33.Leadbeatter D, Peck C. Are dental students ready for supercomplex dental practice?. Eur J Dent Educ. 2018;22(1):e116-21.
O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a integração ensino-serviço-comunidade em um curso de Odontologia, a partir dos estágios curriculares vistos na perspectiva dos trabalhadores de saúde, estudantes, usuários, gestores e professores. Foram realizadas 27 entrevistas semiestruturadas, posteriormente transcritas e analisadas tematicamente. As representações culturais sobre a integração estudada são ressignificadas processualmente a partir das interações e colisões entre os seus diferentes agentes, possibilitando o deslizamento de sentidos expressos e compartilhados. As representações também operam de forma contingente, ora facilitando, ora dificultando um processo de formação odontológica efetivamente dialógico. A integração ensino-serviço-comunidade, estudada a partir de um dos seus dispositivos, os estágios supervisionados, é um lugar de “sair de si” para vivenciar a teoria na prática e a prática na teoria, com ações sociais e pedagógicas que produzem atualizações, corresponsabilizações e conhecimentos orientados coletiva e intencionalmente para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS).
O presente estudo objetiva conhecer a percepção dos sujeitos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem-cuidado no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), com base no perfil profissional e nas competências e habilidades recomendadas nas Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais (DCNs) dos cursos de graduação da saúde. Trata-se de pesquisa qualitativa realizada por meio de técnicas de entrevista não diretiva e grupos focais, envolvendo 42 participantes, sendo: professores, estudantes e gestores das instituições de ensino além de usuários, profissionais e gestores da Secretaria Municipal de Promoção de Saúde (SEMUS). A percepção dos diferentes sujeitos que produzem e vivenciam a integração ensino-serviço-comunidade (IESC) revela afinidade com o perfil profissional e com as competências e habilidades comuns recomendadas nas DCNs dos cursos de graduação da área da saúde. A IESC é compreendida como espaço necessário para a efetivação das DCNs e para se alcançar o perfil profissional proposto.
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