Olfactory Dysfunction in Diabetes

Comparison between olfactory training and curcumin therapy in improving olfactory dysfunction in patients with chronic kidney disease

“…Also, anorexia and malnutrition could limit the regeneration of olfactory epithelium cells [ 24 , 25 ]. But the biochemical imbalance in these patients could motivate systemic inflammation and oxidative stress, resulting in neurodegeneration and immune activation; therefore, odor detection could deteriorate by the olfactory epithelium changes [ 24 , 26 , 27 ]. The olfactory assessment and management of olfactory impairment could improve QOL in CKD patients [ 21 , 24 , 28 ].…”

Olfactory Dysfunction: A Complication of Diabetes or a Factor That Complicates Glucose Metabolism? A Narrative Review

“…Data on diabetic complications and olfactory dysfunction is controversial. Some studies have found an association between the two entities implying that olfactory dysfunction could be a macro- or microvascular complication or a dysfunction of central nervous system in diabetes [ 4 , 9 ]. However, the potential mechanism that links diabetes mellitus with olfactory dysfunction remains unclear.…”

“…In addition, among elderly people, the coexistence of depression and cognitive impairment has been associated with worse odour identification scores [ 31 ]. Central manifestations have been associated with peripheral and autonomic neuropathy in subjects with diabetes [ 9 ]. However, cranial neuropathies occur less frequent but are well established manifestations of diabetic neuropathy [ 32 ].…”

“…Given that olfactory dysfunction has been associated with diabetic peripheral neuropathy, it has been hypothesised that olfactory dysfunction may develop due to olfactory nerve impairment [ 4 ]. Várkonyi et al [ 9 ] proposed that olfactory dysfunction should be regarded as a novel manifestation of central neuropathy. Moreover, due to the high cost of assessing central nervous system involvement in diabetes, a simpler method such as the assessment of olfactory dysfunction with olfactory tests could provide an easier alternative for this investigation.…”

“…It has been suggested that smell tests could be used for the early diagnosis of diabetic complications [ 7 , 8 ]. Whether olfactory dysfunction is a microvascular or a macrovascular complication of diabetes or a manifestation of central diabetic neuropathy remains to be answered [ 9 ].…”