Evaluation of olfaction and taste function in type 2 diabetic patients with and without peripheral neuropathy

Yazla, Semih; Özmen, Süay; Kıyıcı, Sinem; Yıldız, Demet; Haksever, Mehmet; Gencay, Sündüz

doi:10.1002/dmrr.2973

Cited by 24 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(58 reference statements)

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“…The association between olfactory function and diabetes did not vary by diabetes subtype. Among the six articles that demonstrated a statistically significant association between diabetes and OI, three studies specifically evaluated participants with T2D, while two studies did not distinguish diabetes subtype, and a single study characterized both T1D and T2D patients. Among the five articles that did not find a statistically significant association between diabetes and olfactory function, a single study evaluated T1D and T2D, two studies did not specify subtype, one study examined T1D only, and one study examined T2D only.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sniffin' Sticks was the most common method for assessment of olfactory function (6, 55%), wherein odors are presented as felt‐tipped pens with multiple choice answer options, with extended versions providing measures for odor threshold, discrimination, and identification. Additional validated measures of olfaction included the Scandinavian Odor Identification Test, Brief Smell Identification Test, and the butanol threshold test …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The majority of studies (6, 55%) performed a complete otolaryngologic exam or nasal endoscopy to exclude other factors contributing to OI including, for example, acute or chronic rhinosinusitis, nasal polyps, or septal deviation . Among studies that included a complete otolarynglogic exam or nasal endoscopy, four out of six found a significant association between OI and diabetes . In addition to olfactory testing, a minority of studies (4, 27%) evaluated other sensory functions including auditory, visual, or gustatory impairment .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The association between diabetes and olfactory impairment in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Kim

Windon

Lin

2019

Laryngoscope Investig Oto

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Background Evidence suggests that olfactory impairment (OI) may be a degenerative neurologic complication of diabetes; however, the association is not yet well established. The objective of this work was to systematically review existing literature on the association between diabetes and OI in adults, with meta‐analysis of evaluable studies. Methods A literature search encompassing 358 abstracts from the last 75 years in PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane was performed. English‐language articles investigating adults with diabetes and OI in comparison to control groups with original data and ≥7 subjects were included. The Newcastle‐Ottawa scale was applied for quality assessment. Two investigators independently reviewed all articles. For meta‐analysis, the odds ratio of OI in diabetes compared with control groups was calculated using the fixed effects model. Results The initial search yielded 358 abstracts, from which 21 articles were reviewed and 11 articles (n = 6,747) were included. Studies included were case‐control (64%) or cross‐sectional (36%) with evidence level 3b. On the Newcastle‐Ottawa scale, the mean quality assessment score for case‐control and cross‐sectional studies was 7.4 (maximum of 9) and 7.0 (maximum of 10), respectively. A statistically significant association between diabetes and olfaction compared with controls was found in 6 (55%) of the 11 articles. Four studies were eligible for meta‐analysis, which yielded an overall odds of having OI with diabetes as 1.58 times more likely than in control groups (95% CI [1.16, 2.16]; I2 = 10.3%). Conclusions The reviewed studies support a significant association between diabetes and OI. Further studies are warranted to characterize this association. Level of Evidence 3a

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The association between diabetes and olfactory impairment in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Kim

Windon

Lin

2019

Laryngoscope Investig Oto

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“…Other cross‐sectional studies conducted in recruited diabetic patients indicated several factors as being potentially explanatory or unrelated with lowered olfactory function in diabetic people . Details are presented in Supplementary Table and it is clearly visible that results of cited studies are not consistent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Insulin resistance is associated with impaired olfactory function in adult patients with type 1 diabetes: A cross‐sectional study

Falkowski

Duda-Sobczak

Araszkiewicz

et al. 2020

Diabetes Metabolism Res

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Aim To investigate whether insulin resistance is a predictor for decreased olfactory function in adult type 1 diabetes patients (T1DM). Materials and Methods The following parameters were examined in the group of 113 T1DM participants: body mass index (BMI), waist‐hip ratio (WHR), TG/HDL ratio, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), visceral fat (VF) in body bioimpedance, specific calculators (eGDR, VAI). Bilateral olfactory test score (BOTS) was performed using 12‐odour‐tests from Sniffin' Sticks. Then participants were allocated to one of two groups: normosmia (10‐12 odours identified) or hyposmia/anosmia (0‐9 odours). The association between BOTS and insulin resistance indicators was analyzed using: Spearman's rank correlation, multivariate linear regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results 49.6% participants were diagnosed with hyposmia/anosmia, median BOTS was 10. BOTS correlated significantly with: WHR, TG, VF index, TG/HDL ratio, VAI, and eGDR. In multivariate linear regression analysis higher WHR turned out to be statistically significant independent predictor of lower BOTS (β = −0.36; P = .005) after adjustment for age, sex, TG and peripheral neuropathy (R2 = 0.19; P = .0005). The ROC analysis indicated a WHR cut‐off of 0.92 [area under the ROC curve (AUC): 0.737; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.647‐0.828, P < .0001] as the best among evaluated factors significantly affecting hyposmia/anosmia occurrence (sensitivity of this cut‐off 0.50 and specificity 0.86). Conclusions We have provided evidence of an association between lowered insulin sensitivity expressed in bioelectrical impedance analysis, anthropometrical (WHR), laboratory (TG/HDL ratio) measurements, specific calculators (eGDR, VAI) and deteriorated olfactory function.

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“…Decrease in taste occasionally influences swallowing dysfunction . Because gustatory function is impaired in various neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, diabetic neuropathy and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, the sense of taste should be evaluated during rehabilitation of swallowing for persons with dysphagia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gustatory function in persons with cerebral palsy

Nakashima

Suzuki

Sugiura

et al. 2020

J of Oral Rehabilitation

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Gustatory function is closely related to chewing and swallowing; however, there are currently no reports regarding gustatory function in persons with cerebral palsy (CP). The aim of this study was to compare the gustatory function between persons with CP and healthy controls. We investigated sweet, salty, sour and bitter tastes using the whole‐mouth method and measured the electrogustometric thresholds in the chorda tympani nerve area. Twelve participants with CP (6 women and 6 men) for whom gustatory testing was possible at our facilities, and 17 age‐matched controls (9 women and 8 men) were included. The mean age ± standard deviation was 58.6 ± 8.1 years and 58.5 ± 8.7 years in subjects with CP and controls, respectively. Taste detection and identification were significantly worse in persons with CP compared with the controls. Taste identification was more impaired than taste detection. At the highest concentration, taste identification was impossible 11 times out of 48 (12 persons × 4 kinds of tastes) in persons with CP but such a deficit was not observed in 68 attempts (17 persons × 4 kinds of tastes) involving controls. The electrogustometric thresholds were not significantly different between the groups. Gustatory function associated with chewing and swallowing is worse in persons with CP compared to the controls.

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Evaluation of olfaction and taste function in type 2 diabetic patients with and without peripheral neuropathy

Cited by 24 publications

References 31 publications

The association between diabetes and olfactory impairment in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

The association between diabetes and olfactory impairment in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis

Insulin resistance is associated with impaired olfactory function in adult patients with type 1 diabetes: A cross‐sectional study

Gustatory function in persons with cerebral palsy

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