Olfactory bulbus volume and olfactory sulcus depth in psychotic patients and patients with anxiety disorder/depression

Volumetric alteration of olfactory bulb and immune-related molecular changes in olfactory epithelium in first episode psychosis patients

“…We have conducted an exploratory study to address a specific hypothesis to test whether specific pathophysiological events in the OE can account for possible alterations in the OB and overall olfactory dysfunction in FEP patients. Even in this small cohort, we could reproduce the observations reported by multiple groups that OB volume reduction (Asal et al, 2018; Nguyen et al, 2011; Turetsky et al, 2000) and olfactory functional deficits are associated with psychotic disorders (Kamath et al, 2018, 2019; Moberg et al, 2014). To address the pathophysiological events in the OE in FEP patients at the molecular levels, we conducted an unbiased expression study with olfactory neuronal cells freshly biopsied from FEP patients in comparison with those from HC subjects.…”

“…Meanwhile, volumetric changes of the OB, mainly by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessment, have been reported in multiple brain disorders (Chen et al, 2014, 2018a; Li et al, 2016; Petekkaya et al, 2020). A reduction in the OB volume has also been reported in psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorders and SZ (Asal et al, 2018; Gul et al, 2015; Negoias et al, 2010; Nguyen et al, 2011; Rottstädt et al, 2018; Rottstaedt et al, 2018a, 2018b; Turetsky et al, 2000). Importantly, there are reports that indicate a volume reduction in subjects at high risk for psychosis (Turetsky et al, 2003, 2018), suggesting that the changes found in SZ and related disorders may not be due to secondary effects of medication.…”

“…First, we observed a selective reduction in the OB volume on the right side. Possible asymmetry has been proposed as an outstanding question in olfactory deficits in psychotic disorders (Asal et al, 2018; Turetsky et al, 2003). There were studies support the right-specific alternation (Nguyen et al, 2011; Turetsky et al, 2003), but others did not find such laterality (Asal et al, 2018; Turetsky et al, 2000, 2018).…”

“…Possible asymmetry has been proposed as an outstanding question in olfactory deficits in psychotic disorders (Asal et al, 2018; Turetsky et al, 2003). There were studies support the right-specific alternation (Nguyen et al, 2011; Turetsky et al, 2003), but others did not find such laterality (Asal et al, 2018; Turetsky et al, 2000, 2018). Sex-associated changes in olfactory deficits have also been frequently discussed (Boesveldt et al, 2017; Chen et al, 2018b; Sorokowski et al, 2019).…”

Evaluation of olfactory bulbus volume and olfactory sulcus depth development with 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging in childhood

“…Another parameter used in evaluating olfactory functions is the depth of the olfactory sulcus. Some diseases such as major depression, anxiety disorder, Behçet's disease, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease have been shown to reduce the depth of the olfactory sulcus and cause a decrease in the sense of smell [1,5,11]. There are limited studies on the change of olfactory bulbus volume and olfactory sulcus depth with age in pediatric cases [16].…”