Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi

Brumm, Adam; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Burhan, Basran; Hakim, Budianto; Lebe, Rustan; Zhao, Jian‐xin; Sulistyarto, Priyatno Hadi; Ririmasse, Marlon Nr; Adhityatama, Shinatria; Sumantri, Iwan; Aubert, Maxime

doi:10.1126/sciadv.abd4648

Cited by 127 publications

(104 citation statements)

References 35 publications

(62 reference statements)

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“…1a ) to Sahul 5 – 8 at least 50 thousand years ago (kya) 9 , and possibly by up to 65 kya 10 . Presently, however, the earliest archaeological evidence for our species in Wallacea dates to at least 45.5 kya for figurative art in Sulawesi 11 , and 47–43 kyr cal bp for a behavioural shift at Liang Bua (Flores, Indonesia) 12 . The oldest Homo sapiens skeletal remains date to 13 kya 13 .…”

Section: Mainmentioning

confidence: 95%

Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea

Carlhoff

Duli

Nägele

et al. 2021

Nature

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Much remains unknown about the population history of early modern humans in southeast Asia, where the archaeological record is sparse and the tropical climate is inimical to the preservation of ancient human DNA1. So far, only two low-coverage pre-Neolithic human genomes have been sequenced from this region. Both are from mainland Hòabìnhian hunter-gatherer sites: Pha Faen in Laos, dated to 7939–7751 calibrated years before present (yr cal bp; present taken as ad 1950), and Gua Cha in Malaysia (4.4–4.2 kyr cal bp)1. Here we report, to our knowledge, the first ancient human genome from Wallacea, the oceanic island zone between the Sunda Shelf (comprising mainland southeast Asia and the continental islands of western Indonesia) and Pleistocene Sahul (Australia–New Guinea). We extracted DNA from the petrous bone of a young female hunter-gatherer buried 7.3–7.2 kyr cal bp at the limestone cave of Leang Panninge2 in South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Genetic analyses show that this pre-Neolithic forager, who is associated with the ‘Toalean’ technocomplex3,4, shares most genetic drift and morphological similarities with present-day Papuan and Indigenous Australian groups, yet represents a previously unknown divergent human lineage that branched off around the time of the split between these populations approximately 37,000 years ago5. We also describe Denisovan and deep Asian-related ancestries in the Leang Panninge genome, and infer their large-scale displacement from the region today.

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Section: Mainmentioning

confidence: 95%

Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea

Carlhoff

Duli

Nägele

et al. 2021

Nature

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“…Efforts to reconstruct the possible AMH migratory corridor(s) through Wallacea are complicated by the relatively sparse archaeological record of this region, which is further exacerbated by the submersion of land following the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) that was likely exposed during the proposed period of AMH arrival in Wallacea > 50 ka ago [ 17 ]. Indeed, the oldest accepted AMH records in the region—between ~45 and 47 ka ago [ 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]—are more recent than the deepest dates reported for Australia and New Guinea, and, therefore, are not directly informative about this process. The patchy Wallacean archaeological record is complemented by a similar lack of regional genetic datasets; despite the growth of genetic sampling across Indonesia, many presently inhabited Wallacean islands are either unsampled, or available genetic data are limited to the hypervariable mitochondrial regions [ 22 , 23 , 24 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mitogenomes Reveal Two Major Influxes of Papuan Ancestry across Wallacea Following the Last Glacial Maximum and Austronesian Contact

Purnomo

O’Connor

Kealy

et al. 2021

Genes

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The tropical archipelago of Wallacea contains thousands of individual islands interspersed between mainland Asia and Near Oceania, and marks the location of a series of ancient oceanic voyages leading to the peopling of Sahul—i.e., the former continent that joined Australia and New Guinea at a time of lowered sea level—by 50,000 years ago. Despite the apparent deep antiquity of human presence in Wallacea, prior population history research in this region has been hampered by patchy archaeological and genetic records and is largely concentrated upon more recent history that follows the arrival of Austronesian seafarers ~3000–4000 years ago (3–4 ka). To shed light on the deeper history of Wallacea and its connections with New Guinea and Australia, we performed phylogeographic analyses on 656 whole mitogenomes from these three regions, including 186 new samples from eight Wallacean islands and three West Papuan populations. Our results point to a surprisingly dynamic population history in Wallacea, marked by two periods of extensive demographic change concentrated around the Last Glacial Maximum ~15 ka and post-Austronesian contact ~3 ka. These changes appear to have greatly diminished genetic signals informative about the original peopling of Sahul, and have important implications for our current understanding of the population history of the region.

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“…This profile contrasts with Late Pleistocene deposits, which lack the diagnostic Toalean artefact types and are instead dominated by unmodified flakes, small bipolar artefacts, and large cores [33][34][35][36]. The limestone caves of Maros and Pangkep are rich in parietal ochre paintings, and while these were initially assumed to be Toalean [16,37], recent dates obtained from multiple paintings have all returned Pleistocene origins [38][39][40][41]. Similarly, archaeological excavations at the Late Pleistocene site of Leang Bulu Bettue have revealed several examples of portable 'art' [34,42,43].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A standardised classification scheme for the Mid-Holocene Toalean artefacts of South Sulawesi, Indonesia

et al. 2021

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The archaeology of Sulawesi is important for developing an understanding of human dispersal and occupation of central Island Southeast Asia. Through over a century of archaeological work, multiple human populations in the southwestern region of Sulawesi have been identified, the most well-documented being that of the Mid- to Late Holocene ‘Toalean’ technological period. Archaeological models for this period describe a population with a strong cultural identity, subdivided into groups living on the coastal plains around Maros as well as dispersed upland forest dwellers, hunting endemic wildlife with bow-and-arrow technology. It has been proposed that the Toaleans were capable of vast water-crossings, with possible cultural exchange with northern Australia, Java, and Japan. This Toalean paradigm is built almost exclusively on existing interpretations of distinctive Toalean stone and bone artefact technologies, constructed on out-dated 19th and 20th century theory. Moreover, current definitions of Toalean artefact types are inconsistently applied and unsystematic, and the manufacturing sequence has historically been poorly understood. To address these problems in existing artefact models and typologies, we present a clarified typology of the Toalean artefacts of South Sulawesi, and describe the technical aspects of artefact production. This typology provides a tool for standardising research and will facilitate more meaningful assessments of material culture repertoires and more reliable assessment of spatial and temporal changes for the region.

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Oldest cave art found in Sulawesi

Cited by 127 publications

References 35 publications

Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea

Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea

Mitogenomes Reveal Two Major Influxes of Papuan Ancestry across Wallacea Following the Last Glacial Maximum and Austronesian Contact

A standardised classification scheme for the Mid-Holocene Toalean artefacts of South Sulawesi, Indonesia

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