Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea

Carlhoff, Selina; Duli, Akin; Nägele, Kathrin; Nur, Muhammad; Skov, Laurits; Sumantri, Iwan; Oktaviana, Adhi Agus; Hakim, Budianto; Burhan, Basran; Syahdar, Fardi Ali; McGahan, David; Bulbeck, David; Perston, Yinika; Newman, Kim; Saiful, Andi Muhammad; Ririmasse, Marlon Nr; Chia, Stephen; Hasanuddin,; Pulubuhu, Dwia Aries Tina; SURYATMAN, SURYATMAN; Supriadi, _; Jeong, Choongwon; Peter, Benjamin M.; Prüfer, Kay; Powell, Adam; Krause, Johannes; Posth, Cosimo; Brumm, Adam

doi:10.1038/s41586-021-03823-6

Cited by 50 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 71 publications

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“…S4 and table S5 , Supplementary Material online). Older connections between Mainland Asia and western Indonesia were also recently shown by high levels of pre-Neolithic East Asian ancestry in autosomal genetic data of the young female buried ∼7.3 kya at Leang Panninge cave in Sulawesi ( Carlhoff et al 2021 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 68%

Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages

Karmin

Flores

Hudjashov

et al. 2022

Molecular Biology and Evolution

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Island Southeast Asia and Oceania host one of the world’s richest assemblages of human phenotypic, linguistic and cultural diversity. Despite this, the region’s male genetic lineages are globally among the last to remain unresolved. We compiled ∼9.7 Mb of Y chromosome sequence from a diverse sample of over 380 men from this region, including 152 first reported here. The granularity of this dataset allows us to fully resolve and date the regional Y chromosome phylogeny. This new high-resolution tree confirms two main population bursts: multiple rapid diversifications following the region’s initial settlement ∼50 kya, and extensive expansions <6 kya. Notably, ∼40-25 kya the deep rooting local lineages of C-M130, M-P256, and S-B254 show almost no further branching events in Island Southeast Asia, New Guinea and Australia, matching a similar pause in diversification seen in maternal mitochondrial DNA lineages. The main local lineages start diversifying ∼25 kya, at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum. This improved Y chromosome topology highlights localized events with important historical implications, including pre-Holocene contact between Mainland and Island Southeast Asia, potential interactions between Australia and the Papuan world, and a sustained period of diversification following the flooding of the ancient Sunda and Sahul continents as the insular landscape observed today formed. The high-resolution phylogeny of the Y chromosome presented here thus enables a detailed exploration of past isolation, interaction and change in one of the world’s least understood regions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 68%

Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages

Karmin

Flores

Hudjashov

et al. 2022

Molecular Biology and Evolution

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“…Alternatively, this could also be attributed to the expansion of Tai-Kadai speakers into Southeast Asia around 1,000–2,000 years ago ( O’Connor 1995 ; Pittayaporn 2014 ). We additionally cannot entirely exclude a substrate of deep East-ancient related ancestry in the Maniq, which was recently detected in a ∼7,300-year-old Leang Panninge individual of Sulawesi ( Carlhoff et al 2021 ). Hence, the complex series of Holocene migrations into MSEA likely had a profound impact on the variable levels of East Asian-related ancestry among the Semang populations ( figs.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Unveiling the Genetic History of the Maniq, a Primary Hunter-Gatherer Society

Göllner

Larena

Kutanan

et al. 2022

Genome Biology and Evolution

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The Maniq of southern Thailand is one of the last remaining practicing hunter-gatherer communities in the world. However, our knowledge on their genetic origins and demographic history is still largely limited. We present here the genotype data covering ∼2.3 million SNPs of eleven unrelated Maniq individuals. Our analyses reveal the Maniq to be closely related to the Semang populations of Malaysia (Malay Negritos), who altogether carry an Andamanese-related ancestry linked to the ancient Hòabìnhian hunter-gatherers of Mainland Southeast Asia (MSEA). Moreover, the Maniq possess ∼35% East Asian-related ancestry, likely brought about by recent admixture with surrounding agriculturist communities in the region. In addition, the Maniq exhibit one of the highest levels of genetic differentiation found among living human populations, indicative of their small population size and historical practice of endogamy. Similar to other hunter-gatherer populations of MSEA, we also find the Maniq to possess low levels of Neanderthal ancestry and undetectable levels of Denisovan ancestry. Altogether, we reveal the Maniq to be a Semang group that experienced intense genetic drift and exhibits signs of ancient Hòabìnhian ancestry.

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“…The discovery of ten incised stone artefacts at Cappalombo 1 adds to the limited data reported from Holocene occupation sites. These finds are made more remarkable by the fact they were recovered associated with human remains, which are rarely preserved in this region (Carlhoff et al 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incised stone artefact in the context of Middle Holocene burials at Cappalombo 1, South Sulawesi, Indonesia | Artefak batu bergores dalam konteks penguburan Holosen Tengah di Situs Cappalombo 1, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia

SURYATMAN

Fakhri²,

Hakim³

et al. 2021

SPJ

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Since the recent discovery of Late Pleistocene rock art in Island Southeast Asia was announced, evidence for symbolic behaviour in the region has become a focus of international archaeological interest. South Sulawesi is one region that hold much evidence for this important human activity. In addition to the cave paintings, several engraved stone artefacts have also been recovered in the same area, nearly all of which date back to the Late Pleistocene. However, while cave use by ‘hunter-gatherer’ societies continued into the Holocene period, archaeological evidence for symbolic expression during this Toalean period is extremely rare. Here, we report for the first time on engraved stone artefacts from the Middle Holocene period, associated with six human burials. Of ten incised artefacts recovered, eight are stone flakes and two are stone plaquettes, all made of hematite material. Our study suggests that unlike comparative Pleistocene engraved stones, the incisions on the Cappalombo artefacts are more likely the result of use-wear that occurs from producing red pigment powder than portable artworks. As no Toalean-age cave art has yet been identified, it is suspected that pigment powder was applied to the corpses as part of a burial practice or perhaps smeared on the body of the person/s performing the ceremony itself as part of a symbolic ritualistic activity. Sejak penemuan gambar cadas Pleistosen Akhir terbaru diumumkan di Pulau Asia Tenggara, bukti perilaku simbolis di wilayah tersebut telah menjadi fokus kajian arkeologis internasional. Sulawesi Selatan adalah salah satu wilayah yang menyimpan banyak bukti aktivitas manusia yang penting ini. Selain lukisan gua, beberapa artefak batu berukir juga telah ditemukan di daerah yang sama, hampir semuanya berasal dari Pleistosen Akhir. Namun, ketika penggunaan gua oleh masyarakat 'pemburu-pengumpul' berlanjut hingga periode Holosen, bukti arkeologis untuk ekspresi simbolis selama periode Toalean ini sangat langka. Di sini, kami melaporkan untuk pertama kalinya tentang artefak batu berukir dari periode Holosen Tengah, yang terkait dengan enam penguburan manusia. Dari sepuluh artefak gores yang ditemukan, delapan berupa serpihan batu dan dua berupa plakat batu, semuanya terbuat dari bahan hematit. Studi kami menunjukkan bahwa tidak seperti batu terukir Pleistosen, sayatan pada artefak Cappalombo lebih mungkin hasil dari penggunaan yang terjadi dari memproduksi bubuk pigmen merah daripada karya seni portabel. Karena seni gua periode Toalean belum dapat diidentifikasi, diduga bubuk pigmen dioleskan pada mayat sebagai bagian dari praktik penguburan atau mungkin dioleskan pada tubuh orang yang melakukan upacara itu sendiri sebagai bagian dari aktifitas ritual simbolis.

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Genome of a middle Holocene hunter-gatherer from Wallacea

Cited by 50 publications

References 71 publications

Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages

Episodes of Diversification and Isolation in Island Southeast Asian and Near Oceanian Male Lineages

Unveiling the Genetic History of the Maniq, a Primary Hunter-Gatherer Society

Incised stone artefact in the context of Middle Holocene burials at Cappalombo 1, South Sulawesi, Indonesia | Artefak batu bergores dalam konteks penguburan Holosen Tengah di Situs Cappalombo 1, Sulawesi Selatan, Indonesia

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