Old males reduce melanin‐pigmented traits and increase reproductive outcome under worse environmental conditions in common kestrels

López-Idiáquez, David; Vergara, Pablo M.; Fargallo, Juan A.; Martínez‐Padilla, Jesús

doi:10.1002/ece3.1910

Cited by 33 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 73 publications

(160 reference statements)

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“…Furthermore, those males marked when young and recaptured as mature, indicated that spot size diminished with age, a result in agreement with previous findings in other wing-pigmented damselflies (Mnais: Sanmartín-Villar, 2017; Polythore: Sanmartín-Villar & Cordero-Rivera, 2016). Whether these changes are adaptive, as apparently occurs with changes in coloration with age in other taxa (Dreiss & Roulin, 2010;Lopez-Idiaquez et al, 2016) remains to be studied. It seems, therefore, that black wing spots in P. zoe are important for agonistic interactions, and that over their life, males lose part of their signals of quality.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Peer Review #2 of "Alternative reproductive strategies in black-winged territorial males of Paraphlebia zoe (Odonata, Thaumatoneuridae) (v0.1)"

2019

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Alternative reproductive strategies are commonly associated with male dimorphism. In Paraphlebia zoe, a species of damselfly whose males are dimorphic in wing coloration, black-and-white-winged (BW) males defend territories, while hyaline-winged (HW) males usually play the role of satellites. We found that several BW males can sometimes share a territory, and we hypothesized that within this morph there are two alternative tactics: submissive and dominant. We conducted an experiment to test whether dominant and submissive roles are plastic or stable and fixed on each individual. To this end, we manipulated black and white spots of BW males in four treatments: (i) painting over white and black spots without changing their size, (ii) erasing the white spot using black painting, (iii) increasing the black spot and moving the white spot maintaining its size and (iv) control males. Additionally, we investigated the correlation between some phenotypic variables (wing asymmetry, survival and recapture probabilities) and male behaviour (in terms of quality of the territory). We found that the two behavioural roles (submissive and dominant) were not affected by the manipulative experiments, therefore suggesting that they are stable and fixed. Additionally, we found a positive correlation between body size and survival in both sexes, and a positive effect of territory quality and lifespan on mating success. Moreover, the largest and youngest BW males were the most symmetrical. We conclude that Paraphlebia zoe holds high behavioural diversity, with two types of strategies in BW males, dominant and submissive. The occurrence of this intra-morph behavioural diversity might depend on demographic factors such as population density and/or the relative frequency of the different morphs.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Peer Review #2 of "Alternative reproductive strategies in black-winged territorial males of Paraphlebia zoe (Odonata, Thaumatoneuridae) (v0.1)"

2019

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“…Laying date (LD t+1 ) was also included in all models to control for the differences in reproductive performance across the breeding season. Previous studies in this species have shown that clutch size is positively associated with age in males [ 51 ]. To control for the potential effects of this variable we included minimum age as an explanatory variable.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Providing longer post-fledging periods increases offspring survival at the expense of future fecundity

et al. 2018

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The cost of reproduction is a key concept in life-history trade-offs. However, our understanding of the reproductive costs is biased towards measures of reproductive effort obtained before offspring independence. During the post-fledging dependence period (PFDP), it is well known that parents feed and protect their offspring. However, the effort devoted to this reproductive activity has never been considered in the context of of the costs of reproduction. Moreover, the potential fitness benefits and costs for offspring and parents, respectively, of the duration of the PFDP are largely unknown. We estimated the duration of the PFDP over 5 years using wild common kestrels (Falco tinnunculus) and studied its association with survival probability and future parental reproductive performance. Our results show that longer PFDPs increase the survival probability of fledglings, probably due to the benefits obtained from parental care. In addition, we found that providing longer PFDPs was associated with reduced clutch sizes but not the number of fledglings in the subsequent breeding season in males. We suggest that increased parental expenditures on offspring during the PFDP may represent a potential cost of reproduction in breeding males.

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“…, López‐Idiáquez et al . ). The idea that a directional female preference for more ornamented males promotes directional selection in male ornaments might explain a greater detachment of plumage coloration from other traits in male Common Kestrels, resulting in a weak phenotypic integration (Pigliucci & Preston ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Plumage coloration and personality in early life: sexual differences in signalling

López-Idiáquez

Fargallo

López‐Rull

et al. 2018

Ibis

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Several studies have shown that melanin‐based traits play a crucial role in social contexts as they are associated with dominance, personality and social behaviour. However, most of these studies have focused on adults, and the role of these traits in juveniles has rarely been explored. Here, we explore the association between two melanin‐based traits and nestling personality in Common Kestrels Falco tinnunculus. Our results show that female nestlings with blacker plumages displayed bolder personalities, providing evidence of sex‐dependent phenotypic integration of these two traits in males and females. We consider that this differential integration may arise from different selection pressures acting on males and females on plumage coloration during adulthood and that nestling coloration can act as a status signal within the juvenile age‐class.

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Old males reduce melanin‐pigmented traits and increase reproductive outcome under worse environmental conditions in common kestrels

Cited by 33 publications

References 73 publications

Peer Review #2 of "Alternative reproductive strategies in black-winged territorial males of Paraphlebia zoe (Odonata, Thaumatoneuridae) (v0.1)"

Peer Review #2 of "Alternative reproductive strategies in black-winged territorial males of Paraphlebia zoe (Odonata, Thaumatoneuridae) (v0.1)"

Providing longer post-fledging periods increases offspring survival at the expense of future fecundity

Plumage coloration and personality in early life: sexual differences in signalling

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