Offspring Study of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Alzheimer’s Disease: Objectives and Design

Manly, Jennifer J.; Ma, Rentería; Jf, Avila-Rieger; Ic, Turney; Jm, Vonk; Pj, Lao; Seblova, Dominika; Fleurimont, J.; Martínez, María Saquero; Am, Brickman

doi:10.31234/osf.io/frbkj

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

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“…We included participants from 2 community-based studies of cognitive aging and dementia that enrolled older and middle-aged adults, the Washington Heights–Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP) and the Offspring Study of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Alzheimer Disease (Offspring). Full descriptions of study procedures have been reported previously . Briefly, WHICAP participants were residents of northern Manhattan, New York, 65 years and older, and fluent in English and/or Spanish and were recruited in 3 waves, beginning in 1992, 1999, and 2009.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Full descriptions of study procedures have been reported previously. 16 Briefly, WHICAP participants were residents of northern Manhattan, New York, 65 years and older, and fluent in English and/or Spanish and were recruited in 3 waves, beginning in 1992, 1999, and 2009. The current analysis included WHICAP participants recruited from the 2009 cohort who received scans with 3-T MRI beginning in 2011.…”

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brain Aging Among Racially and Ethnically Diverse Middle-Aged and Older Adults

et al. 2023

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ImportanceNeuroimaging studies have documented racial and ethnic disparities in brain health in old age. It remains unclear whether these disparities are apparent in midlife.ObjectiveTo assess racial and ethnic disparities in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) markers of cerebrovascular disease and neurodegeneration in midlife and late life.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsData from 2 community-based cohort studies, Washington Heights–Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP) and the Offspring Study of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Alzheimer Disease (Offspring), were used. Enrollment took place from March 2011 and June 2017, in WHICAP and Offspring, respectively, to January 2021. Of the 822 Offspring and 1254 WHICAP participants approached for MRI scanning, 285 and 176 refused participation in MRI scanning, 36 and 76 were excluded for contraindications/ineligibility, and 4 and 32 were excluded for missing key variables, respectively.Main Outcomes and MeasuresCortical thickness in Alzheimer disease–related regions, white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume.ResultsThe final sample included 1467 participants. Offspring participants (497 [33.9%]) had a mean (SD) age of 55 (10.7) years, had a mean (SD) of 13 (3.5) years of education, and included 117 Black individuals (23.5%), 348 Latinx individuals (70%), 32 White individuals (6.4%), and 324 women (65.2%). WHICAP participants (970 [66.1%]) had a mean (SD) age of 75 (6.5) years, had a mean (SD) of 12 (4.7) years of education, and included 338 Black individuals (34.8%), 389 Latinx individuals (40.1%), 243 White individuals (25.1%), and 589 women (65.2%). Racial and ethnic disparities in cerebrovascular disease were observed in both midlife (Black-White: B = 0.357; 95% CI, 0.708-0.007; P = .046) and late life (Black-Latinx: B = 0.149, 95% CI, 0.068-0.231; P &lt; .001; Black-White: B = 0.166; 95% CI, 0.254-0.077; P &lt; .001), while disparities in cortical thickness were evident in late life only (Black-Latinx: B = −0.037; 95% CI, −0.055 to −0.019; P &lt; .001; Black-White: B = −0.064; 95% CI −0.044 to −0.084; P &lt; .001). Overall, Black-White disparities were larger than Latinx-White disparities for cortical thickness and WMH volume. Brain aging, or the association of age with MRI measures, was greater in late life compared with midlife for Latinx (cortical thickness: B = 0.006; 95% CI, 0.004-0.008; P &lt; .001; WMH volume: B = −0.010; 95% CI, −0.018 to −0.001; P = .03) and White (cortical thickness: B = 0.005; 95% CI, 0.002-0.008; P = .001; WMH volume: B = −0.021; 95% CI −0.043 to 0.002; P = .07) participants but not Black participants (cortical thickness: B = 0.001; 95% CI, −0.002 to 0.004; P =.64; WMH volume: B = 0.003; 95% CI, −0.010 to 0.017; P = .61), who evidenced a similarly strong association between age and MRI measures in midlife and late life.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study, racial and ethnic disparities in small vessel cerebrovascular disease were apparent in midlife. In Latinx and White adults, brain aging was more pronounced in late life than midlife, whereas Black adults showed accelerated pattern of brain aging beginning in midlife.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Participantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brain Aging Among Racially and Ethnically Diverse Middle-Aged and Older Adults

et al. 2023

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“…We selected participants from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP) and Offspring cohorts, two community-based studies of cognitive aging and dementia in residents of northern Manhattan, New York. Full descriptions of study procedures have been published previously 15 . Briefly, WHICAP participants were recruited in three waves, beginning in 1992, 1999, and 2009.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Race and ethnicity-related differences in neuroimaging markers of neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular disease in middle and older age

Turney

Lao

Rentería

et al. 2021

Preprint

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INTRODUCTIONNumerous neuroimaging studies demonstrated racial and ethnic disparities in brain health at older ages. It remains unclear whether racial and ethnic disparities increase with aging and whether they are already apparent in midlife.METHODSWe investigated differences in MRI markers of aging and cerebrovascular disease in 969 participants from the Washington Heights-Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP; mean age: 75 years) and 496 participants from the Offspring study (mean age: 55 years) across race and ethnicity (white, Black, Latinx).RESULTSOlder whites had greater cortical thickness compared with Latinxs, who also had greater thickness than Blacks. Cortical thickness was similar across race in the middle-aged cohort. Regarding white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume, Blacks had disproportionately greater WMH volume compared to both whites and Latinxs at older ages. Racial disparities are already apparent in midlife, where Blacks have disproportionately greater WMH than whites.DiscussionThese findings suggest that racial disparities in WMH volume are already apparent in midlife.

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“…Briefly, WHICAP is an ongoing longitudinal study that includes Medicare-eligible older adults (≥65 yrs) recruited from the community surrounding Columbia University Irving Medical Center (recruitment waves: 1992, 1999, 2009). Their adult children were contacted for participation in the Offspring study 27 . Self-reported race/ethnicity follows the 2000 Census guidelines 28 , and was performed independently for parents and offspring (i.e., there is slight mismatching across generations).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive endophenotypes in racially- and ethnically-diverse middle-aged adult offspring aggregate with parental magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease risk

Lao

Turney

Avila-Reiger

et al. 2021

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A family history of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) increases risk for AD in an individual by 1.5-to 3-fold. Heritability of AD risk may be due in part to the aggregation of neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular changes with cognitive endophenotypes within families. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which cognitive functioning in middle-aged adults is associated with objectively-measured neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular neuroimaging markers linked to risk for clinical AD in their parents, and the extent to which these associations differ by race/ethnicity and language, as proxy variables for social advantage. Middle-aged children enrolled in the Offspring study (n=356; 53.1±10.1 years old; 13% Non-Hispanic White, 27% Non-Hispanic Black, 26% Latinx tested in English, 34% Latinx tested in Spanish; 65% women; 13.5±3.4 years education) were administered the NIH Toolbox, a computerized neuropsychological battery, in their preferred language. Older adults were a subset of the Washington-Heights Inwood Columbia Aging Project (77.3±6.6 years old; 75% women; 10.0±4.6 years education) who underwent T1w- and T2w-MRI and who had a child enrolled in the Offspring study. We tested the associations of parental MRI measures reflecting neurodegeneration (hippocampal volume, cortical thickness) and cerebrovascular disease (white matter hyperintensity (WMH) volume, presence of infarct) with cognitive tests scores in Offspring participants. We further stratified the models by race/ethnicity. Better offspring cognitive scores aggregated lower parental neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular disease among Non-Hispanic White and Latinx participants, and with lower parental cerebrovascular disease alone among Non-Hispanic Black participants. Associations were generally strongest in Non-Hispanic White participants compared to the other groups. These results suggest a more consistent link between offspring cognitive endophenotype and parental brain health in intergenerational AD transmission among Non-Hispanic White participants compared to racial/ethnic and minority groups in which other social factors may be adding variance.

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Offspring Study of Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Alzheimer’s Disease: Objectives and Design

Cited by 6 publications

References 128 publications

Brain Aging Among Racially and Ethnically Diverse Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Brain Aging Among Racially and Ethnically Diverse Middle-Aged and Older Adults

Race and ethnicity-related differences in neuroimaging markers of neurodegeneration and cerebrovascular disease in middle and older age

Cognitive endophenotypes in racially- and ethnically-diverse middle-aged adult offspring aggregate with parental magnetic resonance imaging biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease risk

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