Offshore Wind Energy in Asia: Technical Challenges and Opportunities

Zhang

Bokka³

et al. 2022

Energies

The ten nations of Southeast Asia, collectively known as ASEAN, emitted 1.65 Gtpa CO2 in 2020, and are among the most vulnerable nations to climate change, which is partially caused by anthropogenic CO2 emission. This paper analyzes the history of ASEAN energy consumption and CO2 emission from both fossil and renewable energies in the last two decades. The results show that ASEAN’s renewable energies resources range from low to moderate, are unevenly distributed geographically, and contributed to only 20% of total primary energy consumption (TPEC) in 2015. The dominant forms of renewable energies are hydropower, solar photovoltaic, and bioenergy. However, both hydropower and bioenergy have substantial sustainability issues. Fossil energies depend heavily on coal and oil and contribute to 80% of TPEC. More importantly, renewable energies’ contribution to TPEC has been decreasing in the last two decades, despite the increasing installation capacity. This suggests that the current rate of the addition of renewable energy capacity is inadequate to allow ASEAN to reach net-zero by 2050. Therefore, fossil energies will continue to be an important part of ASEAN’s energy mix. More tools, such as carbon capture and storage (CCS) and hydrogen, will be needed for decarbonization. CCS will be needed to decarbonize ASEAN’s fossil power and industrial plants, while blue hydrogen will be needed to decarbonize hard-to-decarbonize industrial plants. Based on recent research into regional CO2 source-sink mapping, this paper proposes six large-scale CCS projects in four countries, which can mitigate up to 300 Mtpa CO2. Furthermore, this paper identifies common pathways for ASEAN decarbonization and their policy implications.

Section: Increasing the Share Of Sustainable Renewable Energies In Po...mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of the Status of Fossil and Renewable Energies in Southeast Asia and Its Implications on the Decarbonization of ASEAN

Zhang

Bokka³

et al. 2022

Energies

“…As discussed in Section 4, offshore wind faces headwind due to the lack of typhoonresilient design and water depth limitation to 120 m [71]. Other technology barriers include a lack of installation vessels and local companies with sufficient manufacturing capability [20].…”

Section: Offshore Windmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among various forms of renewable energies, offshore wind has the highest potential to be applied on a large scale in the future. However, technology breakthroughs are needed in a number of areas, including typhoon-resilient wind turbines, high-voltage subsea cable design, floating structures beyond 120 m water depth, and smart grid integration [71,91]. Furthermore, sustainability issues related to offshore wind such as impact on marine life and coastal communities need to be resolved.…”

Section: Funding Randd In Offshore Windmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Decarbonization Roadmap for Taiwan and Its Energy Policy Implications

Tsai²

2022

Sustainability

Self Cite

The objective of this paper is to propose a decarbonization roadmap for Taiwan to achieve net-zero emissions by 2050 by analyzing the status of fossil and non-fossil energies, screening applicable decarbonization technologies for their effectiveness, and then proposing an energy mix for the future. The novelty of this work lies in the screening process, which considers six, instead of one or two, categories: sustainability, security, affordability, reliability, technology readiness, and technology impact. Based on this screening, a decarbonization roadmap is proposed and compared with the announced net-zero emissions (NZE) plan. The proposed roadmap requires renewable electricity to grow at an average annual growth rate of 7% between now and 2050, instead of the 10.1% required by the NZE plan, which is more achievable based on issues identified with renewable energies during our screening exercise. The proposed roadmap improves on the NZE plan in the following aspects: (1) using clean coal technologies to decarbonize existing coal-fired power plants, (2) relying more on gas than wind and solar energies to replace coal and nuclear energy for power generation, (3) accelerating carbon capture and storage (CCS) implementation, (4) delaying the phaseout of nuclear energy until 2050, and (5) using blue instead of green hydrogen to decarbonize the transport and industry sectors. Implications of this roadmap for future research and development and energy policies are also discussed.

Getting Serious with Net-Zero: Implementing Large-Scale Carbon Capture and Storage Projects in ASEAN

Day 2 Tue, May 03, 2022

Zhang

Bokka

et al. 2022

As a region, the ten nations of ASEAN emitted 1.65 Gtpa CO2 in 2020 from the combustion of fossil fuels. Analyses reveal that ASEAN's renewable energy resources are low to moderate and unevenly distributed geographically. Furthermore, there are substantial sustainable issues related to hydropower and bioenergy. The current rate of addition of new renewable power capacity is too slow to allow ASEAN countries to achieve net-zero by the middle of the century. More tools, in addition to renewable energies, will be needed. It is found, however, that carbon capture and storage (CCS) is a key enabling technology to decarbonize ASEAN's fossil-fuel power and industrial plants and to produce blue hydrogen needed to decarbonize the industry sector. Furthermore, results of CO2 source-sink mapping exercises show that there is enough capacity in major sedimentary basins in ASEAN to permanently store two centuries of anthropogenic CO2 emission. Six first mover large-scale CCS projects in ASEAN with potential to mitigate up to 300 Mtpa CO2 from Singapore, Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand have been identified. Furthermore, the steps needed to implement these CCS projects are also discussed.