“…The EECM has different structures, depending on the application point of view, the scope of the study, the accuracy of the model, and various types of battery chemistry [12][13][14][15]. The EECM generally comprises of three main parts, as follows: (1) an equivalent voltage source called open circuit voltage (OCV), which has a nonlinear potential characteristic, depending on the property of electrode materials and the SOC of the battery; (2) a bulk equivalent resistance called an ohmic series resistance (OSR), representing the resistance of the electrodes, an electrolyte, separator, and connecting wires inside the battery, which mainly affects the changes of the resistance values in the battery; and (3) a pair of equivalent RC-transient elements, which reflects the resistances during the process of charge transfer and charge diffusion (R 1 and R 2 , respectively), and the capacitances of the double-layer structure and diffusion process of the battery (C 1 and C 2 , respectively).…”