Of Old and New Business Ethics: How Fair Trade Becomes Patronage and Paternalism in a Darjeeling Tea Plantation

Abstract

This paper is about Fair Trade and business ethics. It analyses data from fieldwork conducted in a famous Darjeeling tea plantation which practices biological and biodynamic farming and is labeled as Fair Trade. Its aim is to show how the plantation owner, using aggressive marketing of his engagement with eco-friendly and corporately-responsible management, has managed to regenerate an old patronage system more or less similar to industrial paternalism, but with its roots in colonial as well as indigenous domination structures. Disappointed by their unions, workers have had no alternative but to accept this form of governance, and some even acknowledge it as a good one. This case is a good example of how Fair Trade, which claims to empower workers, can be used to fuel a system which results in their disempowerment as social actors.

Requirements for Decision Enhancement for Poultry Farmers: A Case of East Africa

“…The other 9 out of 13 farms (69.2%) were of a diversified nature and reared both layers and broilers. This is in line with Kaba (2016) who observed a growing trend of diversification in farms as a process accompanying economic growth and an indicator of increasing commercialization and structural transformation of agricultural economies. Effective diversification in farms promotes farm competitiveness (Kaba, 2016) and helps farmers to counter shocks arising from seasonal factors (Francesco, 1999).…”