Oestrogens and Oestrogenic Activity in Raw and Treated Water in Severn Trent Water

Fawell, John; Sheahan, Dave; James, Hutchinson; Hurst, Mark R.; Scott, Sandy

doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(00)00367-5

Cited by 79 publications

(39 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Fawell et al (2001) did not detect estrogenic compounds in drinking water prepared from UK river water. On the other hand, two studies in Southern Germany reported estrogenic steroid hormones in some drinking water samples at levels to 1.4 ng/l for ethynylestradiol and 2 ng/l for estradiol, suggesting that estrogenic hormones are not in all cases completely removed during sewage treatment and water treatment (Adler et al 2001;Kuch and Ballschmiter 2001).…”

Section: Endocrine Disrupting Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Emerging contaminants in surface waters and their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe

Houtman

2010

Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences

201

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An increasing part of drinking water in Europe is prepared from surface water. At the same time, a growing number of emerging contaminants is being discovered in surface water. This review provides an overview of classes of emerging contaminants nowadays detected in the aquatic environment that are of relevance for drinking water production. These comprise e.g. endocrine disrupting compounds, such as hormones and compounds with hormone-like properties, pharmaceuticals, illicit and non-controlled drugs, sweeteners, personal care products, complexing agents, nanoparticles, perfluorinated compounds, flame retardants, pesticides, and fuel additives. The individual compounds are observed in concentrations that are generally considered too low to cause acute effects. Nevertheless, health effects due to long-term exposure to a mixture of low concentrations of all kinds of emerging contaminants cannot be excluded with current knowledge. Moreover, contamination of drinking water with man-made substances is considered unwanted in principle. The precautionary principle is used to motivate that prevention of emission of emerging contaminants into the environment is the preferred approach to safeguard sustainable drinking water production. In the mean time, extensive monitoring of the sources and development and application of advanced treatment techniques are used to prepare safe drinking water.

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Section: Endocrine Disrupting Compoundsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Emerging contaminants in surface waters and their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe

Houtman

2010

Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences

201

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“…Previous study widely reported the presence of steroid estrogens in surface water and effluent of WWTPs. In river water sample, concentration of E1, E2 and EE2 were changed from nd to 74 ng/l in United Kingdom (Fawell et al 2001), Italy (Baronti et al 2000) and China (Chen et al 2007). In effluent of WWTPs, common detected value were nd to 82, nd to 64, nd to 42 and 0.4 to 39.1 ng/lfor E1, E2, EE2 and E3 in Netherlands (Vethaak et al 2005), Italy (Baronti et al 2000), U.K. (Desbrow et al 1998;Johnson and Sumpter 2001), Germany and Canada (Ternes et al 1999), Sweden (Larsson et al 1999), Japan (Nakada et al 2007) and China (Wang et al 2005;Chen et al 2007;Sun et al 2008).…”

Section: Methods Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

An alternative method for the determination of estrogens in surface water and wastewater treatment plant effluent using pre-column trimethylsilyl derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Zhou

et al. 2008

Environ Monit Assess

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A procedure using pre-column trimethylsilyl derivatization and gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was developed and applied in determining trace estrogens in complex matrix. Main conditions were optimized, including pH value, salinity of water sample, elution reagents, clean procedure, derivative solvent and temperature. The optimized method was used to determine steroid estrogens in surface water and effluents of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Low detection limits of 0.01, 0.03, 0.03, 0.07, 0.09 and 0.13 ng/l for DES, E1, E2, EE2, E3 and E V , respectively were obtained under optimism condition. No apparent interferences appeared in chromatography in comparison with ultrapure water blank. Mean recovery ranged from 72.6% to 111.0% with relative standard deviation of

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“…Stolker et al 2004, Stackelberg et al 2007), the veterinary antibiotic compound tylosin (Zuccato et al 2000); steroids by comparison have rarely been observed in treated drinking water (Fawell et al, 2001;Rodriguez-Mozaz et al, 2004;Chen et al, 2007), with the exception of estrone (metabolite); 17-and 17-oestradiol and the contraceptive ethinyloestradiol (Kuch and Ballschmiter, 2001); natural hormones (oestriol and progesterone) were found in drinking water from Spain (Kuster et al, 2010).…”

Section: Regional National and Pan-national Reconnaissance Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: A review of sources, fate and occurrence

Lapworth

Baran

Stuart

et al. 2012

Environmental Pollution

1,515

587

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Emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) detected in groundwater may have adverse effects on human health and aquatic ecosystems. This paper reviews the existing occurrence data in groundwater for a range of EOCs including pharmaceutical, personal care, 'life-style' and selected industrial compounds. The main sources and pathways for organic EOCs in groundwater are reviewed, with occurrence data for EOCs in groundwater included from both targeted studies and broad reconnaissance surveys. Nanogram-microgram per litre concentrations are present in groundwater for a large range of EOCs as well as metabolites and transformation products and under certain conditions may pose a threat to freshwater bodies for decades due to relatively long groundwater residence times. In the coming decades, more of these EOCs are likely to have drinking water standards, environmental quality standards and/or groundwater threshold values defined, and therefore a better understanding of the spatial and temporal variation remains a priority.Keywords: emerging contaminants; review; groundwater; pharmaceuticals; occurrence Capsule: A large range of emerging organic contaminants are now being detected in groundwater as a result of recent and historical anthropogenic activities. IntroductionA diverse array of synthetic organic compounds are used by society in vast quantities for a range of purposes including the production and preservation of food, industrial manufacturing processes, as well as for human and animal healthcare. In the last few decades there has been a growing interest in the occurrence of these, so called, 'micro-organic contaminants' in the terrestrial and aquatic environment, their environmental fate and their potential toxicity (Stan and Linkerhagner, 1992;Stan et al., 1994;Halling-Sørensen et al., 1998;Daughton and Ternes, 1999;Schwarzenbach et al., 2006;Kümmerer, 2009). The contamination of groundwater resources by micro-organics is a growing concern and relatively poorly understood compared to other freshwater resources. Groundwater provides the most reliable perennial source of freshwater on Earth. It maintains flows and levels in rivers and lakes, is essential for the health of groundwater-dependant ecosystems, and in many parts of the world is the most important source of drinking water.Of particular concern are 'emerging organic contaminants' (EOCs). This term is used to cover not only newly developed compounds but also compounds newly discovered in the environment -often due to analytical developments (Lindsey et al., 2001;Petrovic and Barceló, 2006;Richardson and Ternes, 2011) and compounds that have only recently been categorised as contaminants. EOCs include a wide array of different compounds (as well as metabolites and transformation products-collectively referred to here as degradates)including; pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), pesticides, veterinary products, industrial compounds/by-products, food additives as well as engineered nanomaterials. Because of the vast array of possible comp...

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Oestrogens and Oestrogenic Activity in Raw and Treated Water in Severn Trent Water

Cited by 79 publications

References 2 publications

Emerging contaminants in surface waters and their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe

Emerging contaminants in surface waters and their relevance for the production of drinking water in Europe

An alternative method for the determination of estrogens in surface water and wastewater treatment plant effluent using pre-column trimethylsilyl derivatization and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

Emerging organic contaminants in groundwater: A review of sources, fate and occurrence

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