Oculomotor behaviour in visual search for multiple targets

McCarley, Jason S.; Kramer, Arthur F.; Boot, Walter R.; Peterson, Matthew S.; Wang, Ranxiao F.; Irwin, David

doi:10.1080/13506280500194147

Cited by 18 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Kramer and his colleagues (for a study not reviewed here, see McCarley, Kramer, Boot, Peterson, Wang, & Irwin, 2006 this issue) have conducted a number of studies that provide converging evidence for the proposal that inhibitory tags left behind following overt orienting operate as an implicit memory system that guides future orienting towards new as opposed to already inspected objects. Peterson et al (2001) monitored eye movements during search in order to calculate the number of refixations during a visual search trial.…”

Section: Direct Evidence For Inhibitory Tags During Searchmentioning

confidence: 92%

Does the inspector have a memory?

Klein

Dukewich

2006

Visual Cognition

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Serial and parallel search strategies are distinguished and illustrated. Investigators are urged to explore when and how these strategies are used and combined in normal search rather than to focus on which one is ''right''. Although serial search would be more efficient if there were a system for discouraging wasteful reinspections, we should not be embarrassed by the possibility that serial search may be amnesic. A critical review and meta-analysis of studies exploring whether visual search is amnesic leads to the conclusion that it probably rarely is. In contrast, there is ample evidence for the existence of inhibitory tags (inhibition of return) that might discourage reinspections during search. Three strategies for linking these tags to increased search efficiency are described. SERIAL, PARALLEL, AND HYBRID SEARCH STRATEGIESMany everyday tasks involve searching through a set of items for a target. Broadly speaking, two classes of strategy have been distinguished: Serial and parallel. A serial search strategy involves sequential inspection of items in the set. In contrast, in a parallel strategy information about the ''targetness'' of each item in the set accumulates at the same time. Serial search can be self-terminating (a response is given once the target is found) or exhaustive (the set of items is inspected and then the response is given). If a serial search requires the same average inspection duration for items early as for items late in a search episode then the time to perform the target task (which might be to make a target present versus absent judgement; to indicate the location of the target; or to report some property of the target) will be a linear function of the number of items in the set. For this reason, among others, set size has become a ubiquitous independent variable in studies exploring search (Sternberg, 1970;Treisman & Gelade, 1980), and the slope of the linear function relating reaction time to set size (ms/item) is often used to generate an estimate of the inspection time per item. Under some conditions the time to find the target is unaffected by the number of items in the set. Such

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Section: Direct Evidence For Inhibitory Tags During Searchmentioning

confidence: 92%

Does the inspector have a memory?

Klein

Dukewich

2006

Visual Cognition

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“…Though there has been extensive debate regarding the use of retrospective memory processes (see Wang & Klein, 2010 for a review), there is now an emerging consensus that there is a limited-capacity memory store that records previously visited locations (Horowitz, 2006;McCarley et al, 2006).…”

Section: The Capacity and Time Course Of Fixation Plansmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using interrupted visual displays to explore the capacity, time course, and format of fixation plans during visual search.

Godwin¹,

Benson²,

Drieghe³

2013

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Perfor

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We assessed fixation planning in visual search in two experiments by tracking participants' eye movements while they each searched for a simple target (a T shape) among a set of distractors (L shapes). On some trials, the search display was briefly interrupted with a blank screen and, following a randomly determined period of elapsed time, the search display was reinstated. In Experiment 1, we found that search continued during the interruption but fixation durations were increased and the accuracy of saccadic targeting was impaired. A MLM demonstrated that acuity played a role in determining whether fixated missing objects were processed during the interruption and that fixation planning was uninfluenced by the length of time available prior to the interruption. In Experiment 2, to check that fixations in the interruption periods were not random, half the distractors were blue (the target was blue as well) and half were yellow. All of the findings from Experiment 1 were replicated and the majority of fixations in the interruption period landed upon blue distractors. Results are discussed in relation to the capacity, time course, and format of fixation plans in visual search.

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“…According to this account, any manipulation that increases the demands of tracking found targets should increase the rate of SSM errors. Conversely, any manipulation that decreases these demands should decrease the rate of SSM errors McCarley et al, 2006). Here, we found an increased likelihood of SSM errors when participants searched moving compared to stationary displays.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 52%

Satisfaction in motion: Subsequent search misses are more likely in moving search displays

2017

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People often conduct visual searches in which multiple targets are possible (e.g., medical x-rays can contain multiple abnormalities). In this type of search, observers are more likely to miss a second target after having found a first one (a subsequent search miss). Recent evidence suggests that this effect may be due to a depletion of cognitive resources from tracking the identities and locations of found targets. Given that tracking moving objects is resource-demanding, would finding a moving target further increase the chances of missing a subsequent one? To address this question, we had participants search for one or more targets hidden among distractors. Subsequent search misses were more likely when targets and distractors moved throughout the display than when they remained stationary. However, when found targets were highlighted in a unique color, subsequent search misses were no more likely in moving displays. Together, these results suggest that the effect of movement was likely due to the increased cognitive demands of tracking moving targets. Overall, our findings reveal that activities that involve searching for moving targets (e.g., driving) are more susceptible to subsequent search misses than those that involve searching for stationary targets (e.g., baggage screening).

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Oculomotor behaviour in visual search for multiple targets

Cited by 18 publications

References 41 publications

Does the inspector have a memory?

Does the inspector have a memory?

Using interrupted visual displays to explore the capacity, time course, and format of fixation plans during visual search.

Satisfaction in motion: Subsequent search misses are more likely in moving search displays

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