Ocular manifestations of drug abuse

McLane, Nick J.; Carroll, Denis

doi:10.1016/0039-6257(86)90062-7

Cited by 42 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…A pristine, white sclera is a versatile and sensitive measure of health. In varying degrees, scleral redness is a symptom of numerous major and minor, acute and chronic pathologies of the eye and body (Leibowitz 2000;Murphy et al 2007), including conjunctivitis (viral and bacterial) (Mueller & McStay 2008), episcleritis, uveitis, chemical and physical irritation of the eye, dry eye, eye trauma, glaucoma, allergy (Donshik 1988), hypertension, diabetes (Owen et al 2005), sickle cell disease (Paton 1961), autoimmune disease, rheumatoid arthritis, sleep deprivation, weeping, and drug use (Sloan 1962;McLane & Carroll 1986). If we add yellow to the scleral palette, the sclera also signals liver disease ('jaundice') (Roche & Kobos 2004) and aging (Broekhuyse 1975;Watson & Young 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Red eyes are caused primarily by the dilation of superficial blood vessels of the conjunctiva, the transparent membrane covering the sclera, the ‘white’ of the eye. Red eyes, the most common ocular complaint to primary care physicians (Leibowitz 2000), are easily observed and symptomatic of a wide range of pathology, from ocular irritation to allergy (Donshik 1988), conjunctivitis (Leibowitz 2000), and marijuana use (McLane & Carroll 1986). Although red, ‘bloodshot’ eyes are prominent in medical diagnoses and in folk culture, do they influence the everyday behavior and attitudes of those who view them?…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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When the Whites of the Eyes are Red: A Uniquely Human Cue

et al. 2011

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Redness of the human eye is produced primarily by vasodilation of blood vessels of the conjunctiva, a membrane positioned over the sclera, the eye’s tough, white outer layer. Reddened eyes are a uniquely human cue because other primates lack the background of white sclera necessary to make the reddened conjunctiva visible. This study evaluates red eyes as a social and biological cue by contrasting the perception of eyes with normal ‘whites’ with copies of those eyes whose sclera were reddened by digital editing. Individuals with reddened sclera were perceived as sadder, less healthy, and less attractive than individuals with normal (white) sclera. Scleral whiteness joins such cues as smooth skin, long, lustrous hair, symmetry, averageness and sexually dimorphic traits as signs of health, beauty and reproductive fitness.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

When the Whites of the Eyes are Red: A Uniquely Human Cue

et al. 2011

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“…Use of opiates, both legally and illicitly, leads to pupillary miosis. [5**] Cocaine’s inhibition of reuptake of norepinephrine causes pupillary mydriasis (useful in clinical practice in determining the presence of a Horner syndrome). Methamphetamine also causes pupillary mydriasis.…”

Section: Irismentioning

confidence: 99%

Ocular manifestations of drug and alcohol abuse

Peragallo¹,

Biousse²,

Newman

2013

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

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Purpose of review To review commonly encountered adverse ocular effects of illicit drug use. Recent findings Drug and alcohol abuse can produce a variety of ocular and neuro-ophthalmic side effects. Novel, so-called “designer,” drugs of abuse can lead to unusual ocular disorders. Legal substances, when used in manners for which they have not been prescribed, can also have devastating ophthalmic consequences. Summary In this review we will systematically evaluate each part of the visual pathways and discuss how individual drugs may affect them.

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“…Erroneous cultural and socioeconomic attitudes as well as the easy accessibility of over-the-counter drugs play an important role in the acceptance of these substances (1). Topical anesthetic eye drops are mostly used in the emergency departments and they provide superb analgesia to the painful eyes; they are also applied for ocular urgency without routine prescriptions (2,3).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Topical Anesthetic Misuse in Patients Admitted to Sabzevar Eye Clinic in Iran

Shirzadeh¹,

Shomoossi²,

Abdolahzadeh³

2016

Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis

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SU M M A RYTopical anesthetic eye drops are used extensively for ophthalmic examinations but selftreatment and non-technical removal of foreign bodies using tetracaine drops can be hazardous. The present study intended to determine the inadmissible uses of anesthetic tetracaine eye drops, manner of drug obtaining and likelihood of the ocular complications in the patients.This cross-sectional study was conducted on 162 patients with ocular pain and foreign body sensation, red eye or lid edema admitted to the Eye clinic in Sabzevar, Iran. Variables included age, sex, chief compliant, job, site of foreign bodies, diagnosis of problem, use of tetracaine drops, drug provision, times patients referred to the eye clinic, and kinds of treatment.The most common chief complaint for admission to the Eye clinic was lacrimation (55.6%), followed by ocular pain, and foreign body sensation (35.8%). Some patients (30.9%) (mostly welders) inadmissibly used topical tetracaine eye drops; 21.6% of cases obtained tetracaine eye drops from drugstores without doctor's prescription, and only 3.7% provided drugs by prescription. Corneal site (81.5%) was the most common location of foreign body; metallic foreign body (63%) was the most common. One patient was admitted in hospital for management.Topical inadmissible tetracaine (0.5%) is commonly used by welders, who obtain it from drugstores without prescriptions due to its simple usage and short acting pain relief. Supervision is required over drugstores for denying it if demanded without a prescription. Enhancing clients' awareness is also suggested.

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Ocular manifestations of drug abuse

Cited by 42 publications

References 87 publications

When the Whites of the Eyes are Red: A Uniquely Human Cue

When the Whites of the Eyes are Red: A Uniquely Human Cue

Ocular manifestations of drug and alcohol abuse

Topical Anesthetic Misuse in Patients Admitted to Sabzevar Eye Clinic in Iran

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