Ocular Component Growth Curves among Singaporean Children with Different Refractive Error Status

Wong, Hwee-Bee; Machin, David; Tan, Shan; Wong, Tien‐Yin; Saw, Seang‐Mei

doi:10.1167/iovs.09-3431

Cited by 132 publications

(149 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…As a matter of fact, although an emmetropic human eye is expected to grow by less than 3 mm from the ages of 3 to 21 years, 12 larger axial length changes may occur in myopic or pseudophakic children's eyes. [13][14][15] In any event, axial length growth would still likely be <1.0 mm over the course of 3 to 4 years; the average RNFL decline of 2.2 μm attributable an axial length growth of 1.0 mm would still fall within the variance of 9.3 μm 2 for this variable in the present study and other adult published studies. 4 In a clinical setting, children who have mild glaucoma or advanced (largely stable) glaucoma showed high reproducibility for OCT measurements of total macular volume and 16 we found that in children OCT measurements were reproducible for those with a history of elevated IOP.…”

supporting

confidence: 52%

Longitudinal reproducibility of optical coherence tomography measurements in children

Prakalapakorn¹,

Freedman²,

Holgado³

et al. 2011

Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and

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Purpose-To evaluate the longitudinal reproducibility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) measurements in normal and glaucomatous eyes of children.Methods-In this two-setting prospective study, OCT-3 was used to obtain fast retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and of macular thickness scans. In the first study setting, the normal eyes of healthy children were scanned on presentation, at 2 weeks, and 3 years, with axial length measured at the first and last examinations. In the second setting, OCT scans of patients in the pediatric glaucoma clinic were performed over 4 years as clinically indicated. Eyes were classified as "normal," (normal eyes and those with physiologic cupping but normal intraocular pressure (IOP)); "mild glaucoma" (elevated IOP and a normal optic nerve appearance); or "advanced glaucoma,"(severe cupping or progressive glaucoma). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were used to evaluate the reproducibility of measurements on the same day and over time.Results-In the first setting, 8 normal eyes were included. Axial length increased 0.11 ± 0.04 mm/year over an average of 3.3 years (P = 0.03); there was no statistically significant change in RNFL thickness (P = 0.30). In our second setting, 27 normal eyes and 37 eyes with glaucoma were included. ICCs across the three visits for total macular volume were 0.80-0.91 and for average RNFL were 0.73-0.95. Conclusions-GlobalOCT measurements in children were reproducible over years and were not affected by normal increase in axial length. OCT shows promise as an objective tool for longitudinal assessment of children.Monitoring children with known or suspected glaucoma often poses a challenge to the clinician due to the difficulty of obtaining reliable visual fields and other objective measures of disease progression or stability. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a fast, noninvasive imaging technology that can measure the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. OCT measurements of RNFL and macular thickness differ in normal and glaucomatous eyes of children. 5 OCT measurements of both RNFL and macular thickness have also been shown to correlate negatively with increasing grade of glaucomatous damage seen on optic nerve head stereophotographs. 6 In order for OCT to be useful in monitoring children with glaucoma for disease progression, it must be reproducible over time despite normal axial length growth. Previous studies have shown that in healthy eyes of children, OCT measurements of macular and RNFL thickness are reproducible within the same day 7 ; however...

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supporting

confidence: 52%

Longitudinal reproducibility of optical coherence tomography measurements in children

Prakalapakorn¹,

Freedman²,

Holgado³

et al. 2011

Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and

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“…Axial length elongation slowed with age in all children regardless of the type of refractive error, and the depth of the anterior chamber deepened by 9 or 10 years and then became shallower by age 12 [19]. The longest axial lengths and deepest anterior chambers were seen in those with myopia.…”

Section: Eyeball Growth and Increased Axial Lengthmentioning

confidence: 88%

“…In general, eyeball growth is faster in younger children and slows with age [9,19,20]. A MRI eye study of fetuses and children aged 0-13 years shows a rapid eyeball growth curve in utero and from birth to 18 months [20].…”

Section: Structural Development Of the Eyementioning

confidence: 99%

Visual development in infants: physiological and pathological mechanisms

Brémond‐Gignac

Copin

Lapillonne

et al. 2011

Current Opinion in Ophthalmology

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Problems related to visual anomalies are common among young children, particularly in preterm neonates. Screening to enable early diagnosis and correction of visual deficiency is important as abnormal visual input can lead to abnormalities in visual development, which can become permanent visual impairment if left untreated. Optimized nutrition can help to reduce the risk of abnormal visual development and prevent long-term or permanent visual deficits.

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“…Não houve alteração da refração em 6 olhos (55%), que mostraram diferença da refração prévia à final igual ou menor a 0,25 D. Três olhos cresceram sem ter aumento da refração (27%). Dados da literatura mostram que esta variação no crescimento dos olhos portadores de alta miopia foi diferente da encontrada em emétropes na mesma faixa etária escolar (3,24,25) , onde o crescimento não se mostrou significativo. Houve perda de dados no seguimento do estudo, de pacientes que compareciam à primeira consulta e não tinham interesse em dar seguimento, apesar de esclarecimento prévio.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Houve perda de dados no seguimento do estudo, de pacientes que compareciam à primeira consulta e não tinham interesse em dar seguimento, apesar de esclarecimento prévio. Entretanto, isso parece não invalidar o estudo, uma vez que se obteve todos os dados prévios e finais no período estudado, e os achados obtidos sobre o crescimento do globo ocular são pertinentes com os da literatura (24,25) . A taxa de crescimento ocular é mais significativa nos primeiros 50 meses de vida (2) e posteriormente, no estirão puberal, apresentando variações relacionadas à altura e ao peso do indivíduo.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Biometria no crescimento do olho alto míope na infância

Franco

Lopes

Souza

et al. 2013

Arq. Bras. Oftalmol.

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Artigo Original | Original article INTRODUÇÃOA miopia simples, a congênita e a miopia degenerativa são condições distintas. A miopia simples é geralmente uma variação normal no erro refrativo. A miopia congênita tende a ser estacionária e não progressiva. A miopia degenerativa (erro refracional maior que -6,00 D) é caracterizada por um aumento do comprimento axial (maior que 26 mm), associado à degeneração progressiva da coroide no polo posterior (1) . O comprimento axial do globo ocular em olhos emétropes nos indivíduos adultos varia de 22,0 mm a 24,5 mm podendo haver uma pequena diferença na medida entre os olhos de um mesmo indiví-duo. Em crianças normais (2,3) , observou-se que o comprimento axial varia de acordo com a faixa etária: entre zero e cinco dias de vida, uma variação de 16,40 mm a 16,78 mm; aos 6 meses, entre 18,00 mm a 18,49 mm; aos 9 meses, de 19,00 mm a 19,49 mm; de 4 a 7 anos, de 21,03 mm a 22,09 mm; e de 8 a 10 anos, de 22,09 mm a 22,50 mm. RESUMOObjetivo: Determinar se o crescimento do globo ocular mensurado através da biometria óptica e ultrassônica em uma população pediátrica de altos míopes é significante, assim como variação significante da espessura do cristalino, profundidade da câmara anterior, curvatura corneana e achados fundoscópicos durante o acompanhamento. Métodos: Uma população pediátrica (idade média: 8,7anos), 11 olhos de crianças portadoras de alta miopia (refração média inicial: -11,28D) foi submetida a avaliação seriada num período de nove meses incluindo-se biometria óptica (IOLMaster, Zeiss) e ultrassônica (Ultrascan, Alcon; técnica de contato), refratometria estática, oftalmoscopia indireta e retinografia. Resultados: No período de nove meses, o crescimento do olho foi estatisticamente significante em 64% (7 olhos) e não ocorreu em 36% (3 olhos), com modificação do comprimento axial médio (pré=26,76 mm; final=26,98 mm). Neste período, o equivalente esférico refracional aumentou em 45% (5 olhos), não apresentou variação em 27% (3 olhos), com modificação da refração média (pré=-11,28 D; final=-11,69 D). Não houve variação estatisticamente significante da espessura do cristalino, profundidade da câmara anterior, curvatura corneana e do aspecto fundoscópico. Conclusão: No grupo de crianças com alta miopia acompanhadas num período de nove meses, demonstrou-se o crescimento do globo ocular com variação do com primento axial tanto pela técnica de biometria óptica quanto ultrassônica, e com aumento da refratometria média. Outros parâmetros estudados como espessura do cristalino, profundidade da câmara anterior e curvatura da córnea não demonstraram variação no período de tempo do estudo. Os achados na literatura divergem quanto às medidas de comprimento axial pelos métodos óptico e ultrassônico. As medidas obtidas com o biômetro ultrassônico pelos métodos de contato e de imersão e pelo biômetro óptico foram concordantes nos parâmetros analisados (4,5) para alguns autores. Entretanto, para outros, quando se comparou o comprimento axial do globo ocular determinado pelo método da ...

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Ocular Component Growth Curves among Singaporean Children with Different Refractive Error Status

Cited by 132 publications

References 23 publications

Longitudinal reproducibility of optical coherence tomography measurements in children

Longitudinal reproducibility of optical coherence tomography measurements in children

Visual development in infants: physiological and pathological mechanisms

Biometria no crescimento do olho alto míope na infância

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