Ocular anomalies in four species of European toad

A Schneider's Toad, Duttaphrynus scaber (Schneider 1799) (Anura: Bufonidae), with anophthalmia from Tirunelveli District, Tamil Nadu

“…Ouellet (2000) estimated less than 2% of wild amphibian populations globally have morphological abnormalities. Anophthalmia (when one or both eyes are missing at birth) is extremely rare in amphibians (Szkudlarek 2020). Wolf (1994) estimated the prevalence of anophthalmia in European Toads (Bufo bufo) in urban populations of Osnabrück, Germany, to be 0.0367%.…”

Malformations in Amphibians (Anura: Bufonidae) From Northeastern Brazil

“…Specifically ocular anomalies, several abnormalities have been recorded in bufonid species. For example, anophthalmy in Rhinella crucifer (Wied-Neuwied, 1821), Rhinella icterica (Spix, 1824) (Haddad et al, 1990), Incilius occidentalis (Camerano, 1879) (Castro-Torreblanca and Blancas-Calva, 2021), Rhinella proboscidea (Spix, 1824) (Souza et al, 2021) and Rhinella horribilis (Wiegmann, 1833) (Bastidas et al, 2022), hyperxanthism, opacity or whitened eye in Peltophryne taladai (Schwartz, 1960) (Bosch and Marrero, 2020), microphthalmy in Bufo bufo (Linnaeus, 1758), corectopy and dyscoria in Bufotes viridis (Laurenti, 1768) (Szkudlarek, 2020), and black-eyed and cataract in Rhinella ornata (Spix, 1824) (Souza et al, 2021;Guarabyra et al, 2023). On the other hand, although limb anomalies are one of the A -side view (absence of left eye), B -side view (normal right eye), C -front view (note that the specimen' s nostril is also injured).…”

Anopthalmia in Lithobates Vaillanti (Brocchi 1877) (Anura: Ranidae) in Colombia

“…A nophthalmia, a common malformation in natural populations of amphibians, consists of the total lack of one or both eyes, usually presenting as a depression in the eye socket that is covered only by skin (Meteyer 2000;Cortés-Suárez 2018;Morales-Flores et al 2021). Vision is crucial to the fitness and survival of anurans, because it affects both perception and visual communication between individuals during reproductive, territorial, or aggressive encounters (Carezzano et al 2016;Holer and Koleska 2018;Szkudlarek 2020;De Souza et al 2021). Published reports describing ocular malformations in frogs in the Colombian Caribbean are rare (Venerozo-Tlazalo et al 2022), and less common for frogs in the family Ranidae (Barragán-Ramírez and Navarrete-Heredia 2011; Monroy-Vilchis et al 2015;Castro-Bastidas et al 2022;Yeung and Yang 2022).…”