Ocorrência de plantas daninhas em cultivo consorciado de café e nogueira-macadâmia

Abstract

INTRODUÇÃOApesar de, originalmente, ser uma planta de sub-bosque, o cafeeiro foi melhorado por décadas, resultando em plantas mais produtivas a pleno sol (café solteiro) e, por isto, esta é a principal modalidade de cultivo no Brasil (DaMatta et al. 2007 A arborização pode beneficiar os cafezais, reduzindo a velocidade dos ventos e a amplitude térmica na cultura. É possível, ainda, que a diminuição na radiação incidente possa influenciar a população de plantas daninhas e diminuir a necessidade de seu controle. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a população e a distribuição de plantas daninhas, na cultura de café arábica consorciado com três cultivares de nogueira-macadâmia, seis anos após o plantio, em Dois Córregos (SP). Os tratamentos consistiram de esquema fatorial 3x3+1, ou seja, café consorciado com três cultivares de nogueiramacadâmia (HAES 816, IAC 4-20 e IAC 9-20) e três locais de amostragem das plantas daninhas no consórcio (na projeção da copa da nogueira-macadâmia, entre as projeções das copas da nogueira-macadâmia e na entrelinha solteira), além de um tratamento adicional (café solteiro). Foram avaliados a incidência e o controle de plantas daninhas, bem como a caracterização fitossociológica. No cultivo de café consorciado com nogueiramacadâmia, a ocorrência e o número de espécies de plantas daninhas foram menores que no cultivo de café solteiro. Na projeção da copa e entre as projeções das copas da nogueiramacadâmia, houve, em média, 82% de redução na ocorrência de plantas daninhas, em comparação ao café solteiro. A cultivar IAC 9-20, por apresentar copa mais alta e de maior diâmetro, foi mais eficiente na redução da ocorrência de plantas daninhas, no consórcio com café. PALAVRAS-CHAVE:Coffea arabica L.; Macadamia integrifolia Maiden & Betche; planta invasora; sombreamento. Occurrence of weeds in coffee intercropped with macadamiaArborization can benefit coffee plantations by reducing the wind speed and temperature variation in the crop. It is also possible that the incident radiation can affect the weed populations and reduce the need for their control. This study aimed at assessing the weeds population and distribution, in arabica coffee intercropped with three macadamia cultivars, six years after planting, in Dois Córregos, São Paulo State, Brazil. Treatments consisted of a 3x3+1 factorial scheme, i.e., coffee intercropped with three macadamia cultivars (HAES 816, and three sampling positions of weeds in the intercropping (in the macadamia tree canopy projection, among the macadamia tree canopies projections and in the single rows), plus an additional treatment (sole coffee). The weeds incidence and control, as well as their phytosociological characterization, were evaluated. For coffee intercropped with macadamia, the weeds occurrence and number of species were smaller than for sole coffee. For the projection in the canopy and among canopies of macadamia trees, there was an average decrease of 82% in the occurrence of weeds, in comparison with the sole coffee. The IAC 9-20 cultivar was mo...

Levantamento fitossociológico de plantas daninhas em áreas de bananicultura no Vale do Rio Gorutuba, norte de Minas Gerais

“…As alterações provocadas no solo pelo material orgânico e o sombreamento das plantas podem ter contribuído para esta queda. A utilização de palhada potencializa a supressão de plantas daninhas, assim como o sombreamento pode ser reduzido em até 99% da massa seca (SILVA et al, 2013;LIMA et al, 2014).…”

Arabica coffee–macadamia intercropping: Yield and profitability with mechanized coffee harvesting

“…In high-altitude broadleaved forests, coffee flourishes under mild understory conditions (Wrigley, 1988). Coffee was brought to Brazil in 1727, and as early as 1731, there were reports of the first exports of coffee have been found with shade tree intercropping in coffee plantations, such as: increased air humidity (Araújo, Partelli, Oliosi, & Pezzopane, 2016;Partelli et al, 2014); increased soil organic matter (Melloni et al, 2018); lower soil density, penetration resistance, and higher total porosity, microporosity, and soil water content (Souza et al, 2017); decreased nutrient leaching, improved soil fertility, and reduced fertilizer requirements (Babbar & Zak, 1995;Cuenca, Aranguren, & Herrera, 1983;Fassbender, 1987;Jaramillo-Botero et al, 2010); reduced incidence of Cercospora coffeicola (Berkeley & Cooke;Salgado, Macedo, Carvalho, Salgado, & Venturin, 2007), Leucoptera coffeella (Guérin-Mèneville & Perrottet; Teodoro, Klein, Reis, & Tscharntke, 2009), several species of fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea; Aguiar-Menezes et al, 2007), and weeds (Concenço et al, 2014;Silva, Perdoná, Soratto, & Negrisoli, 2013); as well as improvement in the quality of the harvested coffee beans (Vaast, Bertrand, Perriot, Guyot, & Génard, 2006). On the other hand, the following disadvantages can be noted: lower soil moisture in the dry season (Coelho, Matsumoto, Lemos, & Souza, 2010;Neves, Martinez, Souza, & Cecon, 2007), higher incidence of Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari; Wrigley, 1988), need for pruning to regulate shading provided by trees to coffee plants, and, mainly, limitation of coffee production potential and mechanized cultural practices, especially mechanized coffee harvesting (Perdoná & Soratto, 2016).…”

Weed Incidence in an Intercropping System of Banana, Type Plantain, Cv. D’angola, With Assai Palm in Different Arrangements

“…Afterwards, the material was weighed using an analytical balance (0.01 g) and the dry mass of each sample was converted into kg ha -1 . Determination and counting of the species at each sampling point allowed the calculation of the following phytosociological variables: absolute density (D), relative density (Dr), absolute abundance (A), relative abundance (Ar), absolute frequency (F), relative frequency (Fr), importance value index (IVI), and relative importance (Ir), according to the procedure described by Carvalho & Pitelli, 1992;Gomes et al, 2010;Silva et al, 2013. The similarity index was calculated using the equation: IS = [2.A ÷ (B + C) × 100], where A = number of species common to both areas; B = number of species from environment "B"; C = number of species from environment "C" (GOMES et al, 2010). Is ranges from 0 to 100%, reaching the maximum level when all species are common to both areas and the minimum level when there are none in common.…”

“…The intercropping system of fruit tree species with other crops, whether annual, semiperennial or perennial, is a good alternative to optimize land use and an important approach to recover degraded areas. Consequently, it is possible to obtain a more efficient control of weeds due to a better area occupation and shading (SILVA et al, 2013). After studying the effect of banana plant densities "BRS Princess" on weeds suppression, Lanza et al (2017) concluded that the results of their study point out advantages in relation to crop densities, increasing banana yield per equivalent area and, consequently, optimizing land use.…”