Ocorrência de leucoencefalomalácia (LEME) em equídeos no estado de São Paulo, Brasil: achados anatomopatológicos

Fava, Cláudia Del; Lara, Maria do Carmo Custódio Souza Hunold; Villalobos, Eliana Monteforte Cassaro; Nassar, Alessandra Figueiredo de Castro; Cabral, Aline Diniz; Torelli, Camila Souza; Cunha, Mariana Sequetin; Cunha, Elenice Maria Sequetin

doi:10.11606/issn.1678-4456.bjvras.2010.26812

Cited by 7 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…A contaminação concomitante da ração comercial com fumonisinas pode ter sido a responsável pela insuficiência de nervos cranianos observada no exame neurológico, além de causar lesões macroscópicas compatíveis com LEM em um cavalo (Equino D). Nessas áreas de malácia, as principais alterações histológicas consistiram de hemorragia, edema, dissolução do parênquima e cavitação; consideradas lesões características da doença em equídeos [6,8,10,15,19,21]. Tais lesões resultam da inibição da enzima ceramida sintase, levando a distúrbios na biossíntese de esfingolipídios.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Apesar de existirem relatos de intoxicação por AI [1,3,12,14] e LEM [6,8,12,18,19,21] em equídeos no Brasil, a ocorrência simultânea de ambas as enfermidades pelo fornecimento da mesma ração comercial contaminada é inédito. Diante do exposto, objetiva-se descrever os achados epidemiológicos, clínicos, laboratoriais e patológicos de surtos de intoxicação por AI e LEM concomitantes em equinos.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

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Intoxicação por antibióticos ionóforos e leucoencefalomalácia concomitantes pelo consumo de ração comercial contaminada em equinos

Machado

Andrade²,

Moraes³

et al. 2018

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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Background: Equidae nutritional change increased the frequency of diseases due to inappropriate administration and storage of rations. Although there are reports of ionophore poisoning (IP) and leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) in equidae from Brazil, the concurrent occurrence of both diseases by the same contaminated commercial ration is unprecedented. Therefore, the present paper aims to describe the epidemiological, clinical, laboratorial and pathological findings of concurrent IP and LEM outbreaks in horses.Cases: Eleven farmers from seven different locations in Distrito Federal, Midwestern Brazil, reported sudden clinical signs in 27 horses after the ingestion of commercial pelleted ration. During the farm visits, it was found that the ration brand and batches were identical, and macroscopic evaluation revealed no abnormalities. Eight horses were clinically evaluated and presented hyporexia, apathy, hypermetria, ataxia, dehydration, dyspnea, tongue hypotonia, muscle tremors, tachycardia, facial hypoalgesia, dysphagia, and sporadic or permanent recumbence. Laboratorial changes were restricted to creatine phosphokinase (mean: 1,573.4 ± 16.9 IU/L) and gammaglutamyl transferase (mean: 34.85 ± 29.14 IU/L) serum increases. Pathological evaluation has performed in eight horses presenting pallor and whitish striations in the gluteal, longissimus dorsi, femoral quadriceps muscles and myocardium, varying from mild to moderate. One horse also showed a soft and yellowish focal area on the right temporal lobe white matter. Microscopically, alterations in skeletal and cardiac muscle tissues included striated muscle fibers and cardiomyocytes segmental necrosis, characterized by sarcoplasmic fragmentation with clusters of eosinophilic debris, cellular retraction and hypereosinophilia. Histological alterations in the central nervous system of one horse were characteristic of LEM. Ration samples analysis revealed the presence of salinomycin (2,384.91 ± 100.7 ppm), narasin (144.15 ± 7.75 ppm) and fumonisins (0.87 to 4.09 ppm). Eight hospitalized horses were submitted to clinical therapy (gastric lavage and application of activated charcoal; fluid-electrolyte imbalance correction, intravenous dimethylsulfoxide, tocopherol and selenium supplementation). Four (50%) horses had permanent sequelae (muscle weakness and mild ataxia), two (25%) recovered without sequelae, and two (25%) were euthanized due to inability to stand and poor prognosis. Considering the total number of affected horses, mortality rate reached 59.25% (16/27).Discussion: Usually ionophores are safely used in livestock and bird production at the recommended doses. However, horses are among the most susceptible species and do not tolerate any exposure to the substance. The outbreaks herein occurred due accidental ionophore contamination of commercial ration at the industry probably by manufacturing process technical failures. Similarly, fumonisins contamination may be caused by feedstock inadequate storage at the industry, or improper ration storage in the farms. The suspicion of two concurrent diseases (IP and LEM) in the horses of these outbreaks was confirmed through the association of epidemiology, clinical signs, pathological findings and measurement of ionophores and fumonisins in the commercial ration. We reiterate the difficulty in diagnosing associated clinical syndromes, especially when high-lethality diseases are involved.

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Section: Discussionunclassified

Section: Introductionunclassified

Intoxicação por antibióticos ionóforos e leucoencefalomalácia concomitantes pelo consumo de ração comercial contaminada em equinos

Machado

Andrade²,

Moraes³

et al. 2018

Acta Scientiae. Vet.

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“…The mycotoxin B1 is more frequent and severe. Animal intoxication occurs by ingestion of corn and its sub-products contaminated by the fungus (Del Fava, 2010).…”

Section: Equine Leukoencephalomalaciamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of corn and its derivatives in the feeding and supplementation of equine diet is needed during the shortage of pasture forage (Del Fava, 2010). In a retrospective study of equine diseases in Rio Grande do Sul-Brazil, leukoencephalomalacia was the nervous system disease most frequent (Pierezan, 2009).…”

Section: Equine Leukoencephalomalaciamentioning

confidence: 99%

Fusarium spp. and fumonisin in feed for equine and its importance for occurrence of leukoencephalomalacia

Bacelar¹,

Filho²,

Costa³

et al. 2016

Afr. J. Microbiol. Res.

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In the animal feed industry, an ever growing increase in quality has been observed, but the main feature of a food is related to its security because the contamination poses a risk to animal health. The problems caused by fungal colonization is the significant loss of food quality, because even those who do not produce mycotoxins cause losses in the nutritional quality. Researches show that the most important Fumonisins are the mycotoxins found in corn, particularly when cultivated in warmer regions, produced by the fungi Fusarium verticillioides and F. proliferatum. Equine leukoencephalomalacia is a disease caused by ingestion of mycotoxin produced by the fungus F. verticillioides. Those infective mycotoxins are fumonisin (B1, B2, A1 and A2), having the B1 type as the most common and the most severe. The animals contamination occurs by ingestion of corn and its by-products in food that are contaminated by the fungus. This review addresses the importance of fungal contamination of the genus Fusarium by the production of fumonisin in horse feed and its relation to leukoencephalomalacia.

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“…Leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) is a disease caused by the ingestion of corn and its derivatives, such as pelleted feeds and hay (Vendruscolo et al 2016) contaminated with fumonisin, a Fusarium verticillioides metabolite (synonymous with F. moniliforme) (Câmara et al 2008, Del Fava et al 2010, Riet-Correa et al 2013). In the south and southeast of Brazil, this disease is seasonal, occurring mainly from July to September (Salles-Gomes et al 2003, Riet-Correa et al 2013, Reis-Gomes et al 2018.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical findings of equine leukoencephalomalacia

et al. 2021

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Equine leukoencephalomalacia (LEM) is a disease caused by the ingestion of food, especially corn, contaminated by fumonisin, a Fusarium verticillioides (synonymous with F. moniliforme) metabolite. The clinical signs of brain injuries have an acute onset and rapid evolution. This study aimed to describe the clinical findings in 11 animals diagnosed with LEM, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. Of these animals, 91% (10/11) were horses, and only 9% (1/11) were asinine. The clinical localization of the lesions was 64% (7/10) cerebral, manifested mainly by altered mental state and behavioral disturbance, and 36% (4/11) were brainstem lesions, manifested by incoordination, head tilt, nystagmus, facial hypoalgesia, difficulty in apprehension, chewing, and swallowing food. Postmortem findings revealed that 82% (9/11) of the lesions were in the cerebrum and 18% (2/11) in the brainstem. CSF findings, such as xanthochromia (43%, 3/7), hyperproteinorrachia (50%, 3/6), and pleocytosis (43%, 3/7) were observed. The affected animals showed neurological signs that were compatible with cerebral and/or brainstem injuries. The CSF from animals with LEM may present with xanthochromia, hyperproteinorrachia, and pleocytosis, reinforcing the fact that this disease should be included in the differential diagnosis of encephalomyelopathies.

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Ocorrência de leucoencefalomalácia (LEME) em equídeos no estado de São Paulo, Brasil: achados anatomopatológicos

Cited by 7 publications

References 7 publications

Intoxicação por antibióticos ionóforos e leucoencefalomalácia concomitantes pelo consumo de ração comercial contaminada em equinos

Intoxicação por antibióticos ionóforos e leucoencefalomalácia concomitantes pelo consumo de ração comercial contaminada em equinos

Fusarium spp. and fumonisin in feed for equine and its importance for occurrence of leukoencephalomalacia

Clinical findings of equine leukoencephalomalacia

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