Ochratoxins in food and feed: Occurrence and its impact on human health and management strategies

Kumar, Pradeep; Mahato, Dipendra Kumar; Sharma, Bharti; Borah, Rituraj; Haque, Shafiul; Mahmud, M M Chayan; Shah, Ajay; Rawal, Deepaksshi; Bora, Himashree; Bui, Sukni

doi:10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.08.031

Cited by 87 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 215 publications

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“…Ochratoxin A (OTA), the mycotoxin on which the present study is focused, is the most prevalent and most toxic of the ochratoxins. This group of structurally similar molecules are poisonous secondary metabolites produced by fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium [ 15 , 33 , 34 ]. OTA has been shown to have nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, genotoxic and immunotoxic properties, as well as other hazardous properties [ 35 , 36 , 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in Different Types of Cheese Offered for Sale in Italy

Altafini

Roncada

Guerrini

et al. 2021

Toxins

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The detection of Ochratoxin A (OTA) in the milk of ruminants occurs infrequently and at low levels, but its occurrence may be higher in dairy products such as cheese. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of OTA in cheeses purchased in the metropolitan city of Bologna (Italy) and the surrounding area. For the analysis, a LC-MS/MS method with a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1 µg/kg was used. OTA was detected in seven out of 51 samples of grated hard cheese (concentration range 1.3–22.4 µg/kg), while it was not found in the 33 cheeses of other types which were also analysed. These data show a low risk of OTA contamination for almost all types of cheese analysed. To improve the safety of cheese marketed in grated form, more regulations on cheese rind, which is the part most susceptible to OTA-producing moulds, should be implemented or, alternatively, producers should consider not using the rind as row material for grated cheese. It would be interesting to continue these investigations particularly on grated hard cheeses to have more data to update the risk assessment of OTA in cheese, as also suggested by EFSA in its 2020 scientific opinion on OTA.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in Different Types of Cheese Offered for Sale in Italy

Altafini

Roncada

Guerrini

et al. 2021

Toxins

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“…Ochratoxins (OTs) belong to a family of mycotoxins commonly found in various food and feed mainly produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus species, including P. verrucosum, P. nordicum, A. ochraceus, A. carbonarius and A. niger [39]. They comprise a group of coumarin derivatives, including ochratoxin A (OTA), ochratoxin B (OTB) and ochratoxin C (OTC), of which OTA is the most prevalent and toxic compound [40].…”

Section: Ochratoxinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biological Detoxification of Mycotoxins: Current Status and Future Advances

Liu

Xie

2022

IJMS

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Mycotoxins are highly toxic metabolites produced by fungi that pose a huge threat to human and animal health. Contamination of food and feed with mycotoxins is a worldwide issue, which leads to huge financial losses, annually. Decades of research have developed various approaches to degrade mycotoxins, among which the biological methods have been proved to have great potential and advantages. This review provides an overview on the important advances in the biological removal of mycotoxins over the last decade. Here, we provided further insight into the chemical structures and the toxicity of the main mycotoxins. The innovative strategies including mycotoxin degradation by novel probiotics are summarized in an in-depth discussion on potentialities and limitations. We prospected the promising future for the development of multifunctional approaches using recombinant enzymes and microbial consortia for the simultaneous removal of multiple mycotoxins.

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“…Mycotoxins, occurring in conjugated form, i.e., either in soluble or incorporated into/associated with/attached to macromolecules, can transform back into their parent forms during metabolization by living plants, fungi, and mammals or after food processing. Thereby, pose a serious concern for human and animal health [193,[202][203][204][205][206][207]. Further, these transformations can be achieved by a hydrolytic process involving either alkaline, acidic or enzymatic methods [208,209].…”

Section: Masked Mycotoxins As a Major Concern In Detectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence, Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Management Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed: A Review

Mahato

Devi

Pandhi

et al. 2021

Toxins

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Mycotoxins represent an assorted range of secondary fungal metabolites that extensively occur in numerous food and feed ingredients at any stage during pre- and post-harvest conditions. Zearalenone (ZEN), a mycotoxin categorized as a xenoestrogen poses structural similarity with natural estrogens that enables its binding to the estrogen receptors leading to hormonal misbalance and numerous reproductive diseases. ZEN is mainly found in crops belonging to temperate regions, primarily in maize and other cereal crops that form an important part of various food and feed. Because of the significant adverse effects of ZEN on both human and animal, there is an alarming need for effective detection, mitigation, and management strategies to assure food and feed safety and security. The present review tends to provide an updated overview of the different sources, occurrence and biosynthetic mechanisms of ZEN in various food and feed. It also provides insight to its harmful effects on human health and agriculture along with its effective detection, management, and control strategies.

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Ochratoxins in food and feed: Occurrence and its impact on human health and management strategies

Cited by 87 publications

References 215 publications

Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in Different Types of Cheese Offered for Sale in Italy

Occurrence of Ochratoxin A in Different Types of Cheese Offered for Sale in Italy

Biological Detoxification of Mycotoxins: Current Status and Future Advances

Occurrence, Impact on Agriculture, Human Health, and Management Strategies of Zearalenone in Food and Feed: A Review

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