Ocena jakości paliw gazowych w kontekście wprowadzania wodoru do sieci gazu ziemnego

Schuster, Tadeusz; Holewa-Rataj, Jadwiga; Kukulska–Zając, Ewa

doi:10.15199/17.2019.2.1

Cited by 6 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Nevertheless, the research proved that the AGA8-DC92 method delivers satisfactory results when the content of that component increases up to 40% (mol/mol) [23]. However, according to study [24], the maximum hydrogen content that can be added to natural gas in order to meet the regulatory and standard requirements regarding the quality of gaseous fuels (e.g., Wobbe number) delivered to customers in Poland amounts to a maximum of 36% (mol/mol) for gas from LNG regasification, and up to 26% (mol/mol) for group 2E gas.…”

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confidence: 94%

“…Injecting hydrogen into the gas network is, however, quite challenging due to its physicochemical properties and has been the subject of research on a global scale. Hence, studies are underway to determine the sensitivity of individual components of the gas system to the hydrogen content in natural gas [18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. Those components include, for example, compressors, piping, gas fittings, pressure control equipment, as well as metering equipment for measuring the amount of gaseous fuel supplied or devices for burning gaseous fuels.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Study of the Effects of Changes in Gas Composition as Well as Ambient and Gas Temperature on Errors of Indications of Thermal Gas Meters

Jaworski

Dudek

2020

Energies

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Thermal gas meters represent a promising technology for billing customers for gaseous fuels, however, it is essential to ensure that measurement accuracy is maintained in the long term and in a broad range of operating conditions. The effect of hydrogen addition to natural gas will change the physicochemical properties of the mixture of natural gas and hydrogen. Such a mixture will be supplied through the gas system, to consumers, including households, where the amounts of received gas will be metered. The physicochemical properties of hydrogen, including the specific density or viscosity, differ significantly from those of the natural gas components, such as methane, ethane, propane, nitrogen, etc. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to establish the impact of the changes in the gas composition caused by the addition of hydrogen to natural gas on the metrological properties of household gas meters, including thermal gas meters. Furthermore, since household gas meters can be installed outdoors and, taking into account the fact that household gas meters are good heat exchangers, the influence of ambient and gas temperature on the metrological properties of those meters should be investigated. This article reviews a test bench and a testing method concerning errors of thermal gas meter indicators using air and natural gas, including the type containing hydrogen. The indication errors for thermal gas meters using air, natural gas and natural gas with an addition of 2%, 4%, 5%, 10% and 15% hydrogen were determined and then subjected to metrological analysis. Moreover, the test method and test bench are discussed and the results of tests on the impact of ambient and gas temperatures (‒25 °C and 55 °C, respectively) on the errors of indications of thermal gas meters are presented. Conclusions for distribution system operators in terms of gas meter selection were drawn based on the test results.

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mentioning

confidence: 94%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of the Effects of Changes in Gas Composition as Well as Ambient and Gas Temperature on Errors of Indications of Thermal Gas Meters

Jaworski

Dudek

2020

Energies

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“…Instytut Nafty i Gazu -Państwowy Instytut Badawczy od wielu lat zajmuje się zagadnieniami dotyczącymi ochrony środowiska w aspekcie przeciwdziałania zmianom klimatu oraz powstawaniu zjawiska smogu. W tym zakresie INiG -PIB prowadzi działania mające na celu upowszechnianie biopaliw (Rogowska, 2014(Rogowska, , 2015(Rogowska, , 2017(Rogowska, , 2018Rogowska et al, 2016), w tym biogazu (Holewa et al, 2012;Kołodziejak, 2012;Siuda i Wojtowicz, 2016), a od kilku lat również badania nad możliwością i bezpieczeństwem wykorzystania paliwa nieemisyjnego, jakim jest wodór, zarówno w czystej postaci, jak i mieszaniny z gazem ziemnym (Jaworski et al, 2019(Jaworski et al, , 2020Schuster et al, 2019;Wojtowicz, 2019). Dodatkowo INiG -PIB prowadzi badania urządzeń spalających paliwa gazowe oraz stałe, podczas których dokonywana jest między innymi analiza jakości spalin.…”

Section: Wstępunclassified

Analiza zmian jakości powietrza Małopolski w latach 2012–2020

Rataj¹,

Holewa-Rataj²

2020

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The article focuses on the problem of air pollution, which is referred to as smog, which, according to the WHO, causes the death of 4.2 million people annually. In Europe, the problem of smog particularly affects Poland, according to WHO data, among the 50 most polluted European cities, as many as 33 are in Poland. Out of concern for the health of the residents, Polish law has given local authorities the opportunity to introduce anti-smog resolutions. Anti-smog resolutions focus mainly on reducing dust emissions from the municipal and housing sector, and according to the data of the National Centre for Balancing and Emissions Management, it is responsible for approximately 49% of dust emissions into the atmosphere in Poland. Małopolska also adopted anti-smog resolutions in 2016 (for the city of Kraków) and 2017 (for the remaining area of the voivodeship). Nevertheless, actions under the implementation of air protection programs in Małopolska have been undertaken much earlier. In the years 2013–2018, 43.6 thousand boilers and stoves using solid fuels were decommissioned in Małopolska, including 22.5 thousand in Kraków alone. The article analyzes the changes in air quality in Małopolska in the years 2012–2020. The data analysis focused on five basic pollutants included in smog (i.e. PM10 and PM2.5 dust, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide) and the readings of 8 air quality monitoring stations (3 located in the city of Krakow and 5 stations located outside Krakow). The main purpose of the analysis was to show whether the measures taken in Małopolska lead to the improvement of air quality. For this purpose, both changes in daily average and annual average pollutant concentrations recorded by individual measurement stations, as well as changes in the number of days in the heating season in which the limit values were exceeded were analyzed. The analysis of the available measurement data for the years 2012–2020 clearly showed that there are pollutants for which the permissible content in the air is exceeded many times a year throughout the voivodeship. At the same time, in the analyzed period, there are noticeable decreasing trends in the observed concentrations of individual pollutants in the air, which proves that the measures taken in Małopolska to improve air quality are slowly bringing results.

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“…Krótki opis zrealizowanych do tej pory w INiG -PIB prac badawczych w zakresie badania wpływu dodatku wodoru do gazu ziemnego na elementy systemu gazowniczego przedstawiono poniżej. (Schuster et al, 2019) Maksymalny udział wodoru w mieszaninach gaz ziemny-wodór obliczono z użyciem sześciu różnych wariantów, opartych na dostępnych dokumentach prawnych, normalizacyjnych i technicznych. Obliczenia przeprowadzono dla łącznie ponad 3000 składów gazu, w tym gazów grupy E, Lw, Ls oraz gazów LNG.…”

Section: Badania Inig -Pibunclassified

Wybrane zagadnienia dotyczące wpływu dodatku wodoru do gazu ziemnego na elementy systemu gazowniczego

Jaworski¹,

Kukulska–Zając²,

Kułaga³

2019

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STRESZCZENIE: W ostatnim czasie można zaobserwować rosnące zainteresowanie dodawaniem do sieci gazowej wodoru pochodzącego ze źródeł odnawialnych, tzn. technologią power-togas. Umożliwia ona przekształcenie wyprodukowanej energii elektrycznej do postaci wodoru i zmagazynowanie go w systemie gazowniczym. Technologia ta może stać się jednym z istotnych czynników zwiększenia udziału energii odnawialnej w całkowitym bilansie energetycznym. Skutkiem dodawania wodoru do gazu ziemnego będzie obecność w sieciach gazowych mieszaniny gazu ziemnego oraz wodoru, która siecią tą docierać będzie do odbiorców końcowych, w tym odbiorców w gospodarstwach domowych. Właściwości fizykochemiczne wodoru, takie jak np. gęstość właściwa czy lepkość, istotnie różnią się od właściwości fizykochemicznych składników gazu ziemnego, takich jak metan, etan, propan, butan, azot itd. W związku z powyższym właściwości mieszaniny gazowej po dodaniu do niej wodoru będą się znacznie różnić od właściwości obecnie stosowanego gazu ziemnego. Tym samym elementy systemu gazowniczego, a także odbiorniki gazu u odbiorców końcowych będą podlegać oddziaływaniu wodoru. Konieczne staje się zatem zapewnienie, że w granicach przewidywanych stężeń wodoru elementy systemu gazowniczego, a także odbiorniki gazu będą w stanie długotrwale pracować bez pogorszenia swych właściwości funkcjonalnych oraz zmniejszenia bezpieczeństwa technicznego. W niniejszym artykule omówiono wyniki dotychczasowych badań prowadzonych w INiG-PIB dotyczących wpływu mieszaniny gazu ziemnego i wodoru na: urządzenia gazowe użytku domowego oraz komercyjnego, rozliczenia i pomiary paliw gazowych, jakość paliw gazowych, gazomierze miechowe oraz reduktory średniego ciśnienia. Słowa kluczowe: power-togas , PtG, P2G, wodór ze źródeł odnawialnych, gaz ziemny, infrastruktura gazociągowa, urządzenia gazowe. ABSTRACT: Recently, there has been a growing interest in adding hydrogen from renewable sources to the gas network, i.e. Powerto-Gas technology. This technology makes it possible to convert the produced electrical power into hydrogen and to store it in the gas network. It may become one of the significant factors of increasing the share of renewable energy in the overall energy mix. The addition of hydrogen to natural gas will result in the presence of a mixture of natural gas and hydrogen in the gas networks through which it will reach end users, including household customers. The physicochemical properties of hydrogen, such as specific density or viscosity, differ significantly from those of natural gas components, such as methane, ethane, propane, butane, nitrogen, etc. As a result, the properties of a gas mixture, after adding hydrogen, will be significantly different from those of the natural gas currently in use. Thus, both gas network components and gas appliances of end users will be exposed to hydrogen. It is therefore necessary to ensure long-period operation of gas network components and gas appliances, within the limits of anticipated hydrogen concentrations, without deterioration in the...

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Ocena jakości paliw gazowych w kontekście wprowadzania wodoru do sieci gazu ziemnego

Cited by 6 publications

References 5 publications

Study of the Effects of Changes in Gas Composition as Well as Ambient and Gas Temperature on Errors of Indications of Thermal Gas Meters

Study of the Effects of Changes in Gas Composition as Well as Ambient and Gas Temperature on Errors of Indications of Thermal Gas Meters

Analiza zmian jakości powietrza Małopolski w latach 2012–2020

Wybrane zagadnienia dotyczące wpływu dodatku wodoru do gazu ziemnego na elementy systemu gazowniczego

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