Occurrence of uncommon polyamines in cultured tissues of maize

Heterologous Expression and Biochemical Characterization of a Polyamine Oxidase from Arabidopsis Involved in Polyamine Back Conversion

“…Furthermore, H 2 O 2 derived from polyamine oxidation in plants has been shown to contribute also to hypersensitive response-induced cell death (Yoda et al, 2003). Dap produced by plant PAO is a precursor of uncommon polyamines and b-Ala (Terano and Suzuki, 1978;Koc et al, 1998), which in plants are associated with stress tolerance (Rodriguez-Garay et al, 1989;Hanson et al, 1994). b-Ala may also be produced from 3-acetamidopropanal and 3-aminopropanal, which are produced from the oxidation of Spm, N 1 -acetyl-Spd, and N 1 -acetyl-Spm by animal PAOs.…”

“…Furthermore, uncommon polyamines, such as norspermidine (Nor-Spd), homospermidine, norspermine (Nor-Spm), homospermine, thermospermine, caldopentamine, caldohexamine, homocaldopentamine, and homocaldohexamine, are abundant in the extreme thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus and have also been detected in bacteria, algae, fungi, animals, and higher plants (Cohen, 1998). In plants, a putative role for these molecules in growth, differentiation, and stress tolerance has been hypothesized (RodriguezGaray et al, 1989;Bagga et al, 1997;Koc et al, 1998).…”

Aminoaldehyde dehydrogenase activity during wound healing of mechanically injured pea seedlings

“…Dap belongs to the precursors of b-alanine (via APAL), which can be further trimethylated to yield the osmoprotectant b-alanine betaine. It is also converted to uncommon polyamines associated with stress tolerance in plants (Duhazé et al, 2002;Koc et al, 1998). ABAL is oxidized to 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA), which participates in various physiological processes (Shelp et al, 1999).…”

A Polyamine Oxidase from Selaginella lepidophylla (SelPAO5) can Replace AtPAO5 in Arabidopsis through Converting Thermospermine to Norspermidine instead to Spermidine

“…The presence of NorSpd does not seem to disturb development of Arabidopsis , although it is usually not detectable in this plant. NorSpd is an unusual triamine in eukaryotes, which is present in lower, single-celled eukaryotes including Euglena , cryptophytes, diatoms, and also in Chlamydomonas and Volvox [18,42,43], but also in Bryophytes [16], in the leguminous plant Medicago sativa (alfalfa) [20], and in maize [21]. A NorSpd synthesis pathway like in the Gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerea is not found in eukaryotes [7], and NorSpd synthesis in alfalfa from the precursor DAP (1,3-diaminopropane), which is a co-product of Spd oxidation by PAO, could not be demonstrated [44].…”

“…The aminopropyl residue derived from decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine is transferred to DAP by a putative aminopropyltransferase (APT) with relaxed substrate specificity, resulting in NorSpd, and subsequently, a second APT action converts NorSpd to NorSpm [19]. However, the occurrence of NorSpd and NorSpm has also been reported in alfalfa [20] and maize [21]. Catabolism of PAs in plants is executed by two kind of oxidases, copper-dependent amine oxidase (CuAO) and flavin-containing polyamine oxidase (PAO).…”