Occurrence of marine algal toxins in oyster and phytoplankton samples in Daya Bay, South China Sea

Toxin Profiles of Okadaic Acid Analogues and Other Lipophilic Toxins in Dinophysis from Japanese Coastal Waters

“…OA or DTX1 have been reported in D. norvegica from coastal waters in other countries [ 19 , 24 ]. Detection of PTX2 in pooled picked cells of D. caudata in Japan reported for the first time, however, it has been detected in Spanish and Chinese strains of this species [ 25 , 29 , 32 ]. Detection of PTX2 in pooled picked cells of D. tripos and D. mitra is also a novel observation, although PTX2 has been detected in cultures of D. tripos isolated from Japan [ 14 ].…”

“…However, it remains important to update toxin content and profile information of Dinophysis species to improve the prediction of bivalve contamination. The cellular toxin content and profiles of Dinophysis species of pooled picked cells reported in previous studies was revised ( Table 1 ) [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 ]. Analysis of individually picked cells was historically the only unambiguous way to ascribe a toxin profile and content information to a Dinophysis species, until 2006, when cultures of D. acuminata became available [ 36 ].…”

Selective enrichment and quantification of okadaic acid in shellfish using an immunomagnetic‐bead‐based liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry assay

“…Because OA may pose a potential threat to humans even at concentrations too low to induce acute toxicity, an appropriate analysis method to monitor the presence of OA in aquatic products is urgently needed. LC‐MS/MS is a reliable confirmation and quantification technique, as many marine biotoxins extracted from shellfish, phytoplankton, marine sediments, and even mammals have been screened and identified using this method . LC‐MS/MS does not require the complex derivatization steps necessary for LC with fluorescence detection analysis due to OA's lack of natural fluorescence, and it can provide very good sensitivity even with a low target concentration in samples .…”

Sensitive profiling of trace neurotoxin domoic acid by pressurized capillary electrochromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection

“…The sensitivity of this method would be better than that of CEC-PAD (the LOD was not provided in the reference, and it could be deduced as a level of mg DA per g like that of UV detector), better than that of CE-MS (70 ng DA per mL), 28 and kept in a similar level to normal HPLC methods for DA analysis (LOD, 6-25 ng DA per g). 7,8 Especially, in this pCEC method, a small amount of mobile phase was used with the ow in capillary column of 1.2 mL min À1 , which was only 1/800 of that used in normal HPLC. The LOD of pCEC-LIF is far less than the guideline value in mussels (20 mg DA per g, w.w. of shellsh tissue), and it is stable, low-reagent consumption and sufficiently sensitive to quantify DA in food safety monitoring.…”

“…[5][6][7] HPLC with MS detection including LC-MS/ MS, LC-laser ablation ESI-MS and SPE-LC-MS/MS, have also been developed for the detection of DA. [8][9][10] These methods are stable, efficient and sensitive, however, a considerable amount of organic elution solution is consumed and consequently these methodologies might be unfavourable for economical and environment-friendly applications to a certain degree.…”