Occurrence of Cyclopiazonic Acid in Peanuts

Lansden, John A.; Davidson, Jennifer L.

doi:10.1128/aem.45.3.766-769.1983

Cited by 111 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 3 publications

(1 reference statement)

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“…Barley samples were subjected to a multitoxin screening analysis (Wilson et al1976;Josefsson and Moller 1977), which included screening for OA, aflatoxins, penicillic acid, citrinin, patulin, sterigmatocystin and zearalenone. Additional analyses were also conducted to test for tenuazonic acid (Stack et a1 1985), cyclopiazonic acid (Lansden and Davidson 1983) and the trichothecenes deoxynivalenol, T-2 toxin, HT-2 toxin and diacetoxyscirpenol (Scott et a1 1981). The degree of fungal contamination was determined according to Rotter et a1 (1989d), and stereomicroscopy was used to confirm the mould-free condition of the control barley and, in the mouldcontaminated samples, the contaminating species characterised (Rotter et a1 1989c,d).…”

Section: Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ensiling as a means of reducing ochratoxin a concentrations in contaminated barley

et al. 1990

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The feasibility of ensiling barley contaminated with ochratoxin A (OA) as a practical method of inactivating O A was examined in in-vitro and in-vivostudies. In the in-vitro study, O A concentrations in barley decreased by approximately 68 % ajler being ensiled for 56 days. To vergy the destruction of the OA, a chick feeding trial was conducted. Samples of a toxin-and mould-free barley, mould-contaminated barley, a barley sample naturally contaminated with O A or a barley with added O A were each divided into two equal portions, one of which was ensiled for a period of 28 days. The mouldcontaminated barley was naturally contaminated with Penicillium cyclopium and Aspergillus flavus. Diets containing either the ensiled or .non-ensiled barley samples were then fed to 7-day-old Leghorn chicks for two 7-day periods. Changes in feed consumption (RFC) and body weight gain (RWG) relative to control birds, feed to gain ratio and mortality were monitored. The O A concentration in the two OA-containing barley samples decreased by 58% afer 28 days of ensiling, but there was no improvement (P30.05) in chick performance or mortality compared with the non-ensiled diets. The average RFC values for chicks fed the mould-and OA-containing diets were less than 50 %of the controls and RWG generally less than 30 %. In absolute terms, chicks f e d the ensiled barley diets also performed about 6 % poorer (P<0.003) than those given the non-ensiled barley. Ensiling did not appear to 155 J Sci Food Agric 0022-5142/89/.$03.50 be a practical method of reducing the toxic effect(s) of O A , despite the apparent decrease in O A concentration. Grain samples should be tested for the presence of a toxin prior to ensiling to avoid possible toxin analysis problems later.

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Section: Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ensiling as a means of reducing ochratoxin a concentrations in contaminated barley

et al. 1990

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“…A quantitative assay as described by Schabort et al [19] would be preferable, but this was precluded because the culture fluids were darkly coloured and contained components, in addition to CPA, which reacted with Ehrlich reagent. Lansden and Davidson [20] also applied a similar semi-quantitative TLC procedure.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…GMPY (g/l): Glucose (40), mannitol (5), yeast extract (5), peptone (1.5), NaNO 3 (4.5), KC1 (0.5), MgSO4, 7H20 (0.5), KzHPO 4 (1). SGMPY (g/l): Sucrose (20), glucose (20), yeast extract (5), peptone (5), NaNO 3 (3), KC1 (0.5), MgSO 4, 7H20 (0.5), KzHPO 4 (1).…”

Section: Organisms and Culture Conditionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyclopiazonic acid production by submerged cultures ofPenicilliumandAspergillusstrains

Hermansen

Frisvad

Emborg

et al. 1984

FEMS Microbiology Letters

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62 isolates of Penicillium and Aspergillus were screened for cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) production by surface and submerged culture on different media. The production of this mycotoxin was restricted to Penicillium camembertii group II (and its domesticated form P. camembertii), P. griseofulvum, and Aspergillus flavus (and its domesticated form A. oryzae). The best yield of CPA was obtained by a strain of P. griseofulvum, but several strains of P. camembertii group II were also good producers. Propionic acid (500 and 1000 mg/l medium) did not enhance the production of CPA. The best yields of CPA were obtained in submerged culture, but in some cases growth and CPA production only occured in surface culture. A simplified procedure for isolation of CPA is described.

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“…Cyclopiazonic acid (CPAI is produced by several Penicillia species and by A. flavus. It has been found naturally in corn, cheese, and visibly molded peanuts (Gallagher et al, 1978; LeBars, 1979; Lansden and Davidson, 1983). Because analytical methods for CPA are not well developed, there are no survey data relating to incidence and concentrations in susceptible commodities.…”

Section: No Ochratoxin a Was Found In Sorghummentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotoxins in foods and feeds in the United States

Wood

1992

Journal of Animal Science

157

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Mycotoxins are considered unavoidable contaminants in foods and feeds because agronomic technology has not yet advanced to the stage at which preharvest infection of susceptible crops by fungi can be eliminated. The aflatoxins have received greater attention than any of the other mycotoxins because of their demonstrated carcinogenic effects in susceptible animals and their acute toxic effects in humans. Since 1965, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has enforced regulatory limits on the concentrations of these toxins in foods and feeds involved in interstate commerce. The FDA routinely monitors the food and feed industries through compliance programs to ensure that the levels of exposure to these toxins are kept as low as practical. This report summarizes data generated from compliance programs on aflatoxins for the fiscal years 1989, 1990, and the first half of 1991. Commodities sampled included peanuts and peanut products, tree nuts, corn and corn products, cottonseed, and milk. Higher than usual levels of contamination were found in corn examined from all areas of the United States in 1989 as a result of the severe drought that affected the 1988 corn crop. The drought in parts of the South and Southeast in 1990 resulted in increased contamination in corn and peanuts from those areas. A review of the surveillance data obtained on deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, ochratoxin A, sterigmatocystin, penicillic acid, and patulin over the years along with available toxicological data for these mycotoxins indicated that no regulatory actions were warranted. The lack of sufficient surveillance data on other mycotoxins that occur in the United States can be attributed in part to the unavailability of reliable analytical methodology.

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Occurrence of Cyclopiazonic Acid in Peanuts

Cited by 111 publications

References 3 publications

Ensiling as a means of reducing ochratoxin a concentrations in contaminated barley

Ensiling as a means of reducing ochratoxin a concentrations in contaminated barley

Cyclopiazonic acid production by submerged cultures ofPenicilliumandAspergillusstrains

Mycotoxins in foods and feeds in the United States

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