Occurrence of clastic injectites in the Oligocene strata of the Carpathians and their significance in unravelling the Paleogene and Neogene evolution of the Carpathian orogeny (Poland, Ukraine and Romania)

Abstract

The ir reg u lar dis tri bu tion of sand in jec tions, tra di tion ally termed "dykes in the Pol ish geo log i cal lit er a ture, within in di vid ual Carpathian units and within in di vid ual lithofacies were ob served dur ing long-last ing field works. Injectites have been observed in the Magura Beds and in the Inoceramian Beds of the Pol ish and Ro ma nian Carpathians, and in the Cen tral Carpathian Paleogene de pos its. How ever, they are most com mon in the Oligocene-Mio cene Menilite Beds, where they are typ i cal and abun dant, par tic u larly in the Skole Unit. Two clastic injectite types were dis tin guished: sed i men tary (S-type) and tectonized (T-type). Based on the oc cur rence and in ter pre ta tion of these injectites a new two-stage con cep tual model is proposed for the Pol ish seg ment of the pro gres sive Oligocene-Mio cene Carpathian orogenic belt evo lu tion. Type S clastic injectites are in ter preted as hav ing formed in the compressional stage, dur ing foredeep ba sin mi gra tion while depositional slope changes were tak ing place in the Late Oligocene to Early Mio cene. Type T injectites are in ter preted as hav ing formed by re ac ti va tion of S-type injectites in the last, mainly strike-slip, phases of Carpathian orogenic belt for ma tion.

Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility as an indicator for palaeocurrent analysis in folded turbidites (Outer Western Carpathians, Poland)

“…The sandstones in Nasiczne were deposited from a proximal, high‐density turbidite flow from the south‐west (Fig. 9C), where submarine ridges (Dżułyński & Ślączka, 1958; Dżułyński & Ślączka, 1960; Koszarski & Żytko, 1961; Książkiewicz, 1961) or tectonic graben‐related scarps (Jankowski & Probulski, 2011; Jankowski & Wysocka, 2019) existed. Similarly, palaeoflow from the NNE in sandstones in Hoczew originated along the other margin of the depression.…”

“…The Central Carpathian Synclinorium probably originated as a synsedimentary tectonic graben named the Central Carpathian Depression (e.g. Klecker et al , 2001; Stefaniuk, 2003; Jankowski & Probulski, 2011; Jankowski & Wysocka, 2019). The sedimentary successions in the study area are mostly composed of sandstones and shales, derived from the different types of gravity and mass flow deposits (Jankowski & Probulski, 2011) in the Oligocene–Lower Miocene Krosno Beds.…”

Palynofacies analysis, sedimentology and hydrocarbon potential of the Menilite Beds (Oligocene) in the Slovakian and Romanian Outer Carpathians

“…In this case, the for ma tion of the Carpathian bas ins was driven mainly by decom po si tion of the East Eu ro pean Plat form mar gin. Contractional stages pin point the for ma tion of a fore land ba sin (Jankowski and Wysocka, 2019). Jankowski (2007Jankowski ( , 2015 and Jankowski and Wysocka (2019) have ad di tion ally dis tin guished an extensional stage, dur ing which sed i men ta tion took place in half-graben struc tures.…”

“…Contractional stages pin point the for ma tion of a fore land ba sin (Jankowski and Wysocka, 2019). Jankowski (2007Jankowski ( , 2015 and Jankowski and Wysocka (2019) have ad di tion ally dis tin guished an extensional stage, dur ing which sed i men ta tion took place in half-graben struc tures. The pro cess of ba sin clo sure and sed imen ta tion ces sa tion was diachronous, pro gress ing from west to east; in Ro ma nia, this pro cess ex tended into the Plio cene (e.g., Royden and Baldi, 1988;Linzer et al, 1998;.…”

Acta Geologica Polonica

“…In Europe, the mid-Miocene elevation of the Alpine-Carpathian orogenic belt and its influence on the foreland territories is well known (Ziegler and Dèzes 2007;Schmid et al 2008;Gusterhuber et al 2012). During this time interval, the tectonic activity of the Carpathians was also marked by the climax of vertical and lateral displacements, as well as the development of sedimentary basins in the foreland and back-arc areas, alongside volcanic phenomena (Plašienka et al 1997;Fodor et al 1999;Krzywiec 2001;Golonka 2004;Peryt and Piwocki 2004;Schäfer et al 2005;Oszczypko 2006;Andreucci et al 2013;Wysocka et al 2016;Kováč et al 2007Kováč et al , 2017aWidera et al 2008Widera et al , 2019aJarosiński et al 2009;Mach et al 2013;Jankowski and Margielewski 2015;Jankowski and Wysocka 2019;Šujan et al 2020. On the other hand, climatic changes further enhanced by tectonics have been documented in both fauna (Böhme 2003;Hernández-Ballarín and Peláez-Campomanes 2017;Holcová et al 2018) and flora (Schneider 1992;Planderová et al 1993;Utescher et al 2009Doláková et al 2021).…”